Saturday, November 30, 2019
The Leopard an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by
The Leopard by Expert Prof. Akademia | 27 Dec 2016 Introduction: Need essay sample on "The Leopard" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Risorgimento or also known as the Revival or the Italian Unification, is the nineteenth century revolutionary movement, which joined different region of Italy into one peninsula. This period is assumed to have begun with the arrival f Napoleon and the end of Franco Prussian War in 1815. It was basically a socio political movement which formulated todays Kingdom of Italy. This time span was filled with artistic and literally forms of nationalism which spread the spirit of unification through out the peninsula like fire, who promoted the idea of free, independent and a republic Italy, with Rome as its capital. The Leopard: The life of Sicily during the Risorgimento is very tactfully and vividly explained by the famous Italian novelist, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, in his famous novel, Il Gattopardo, first published in 1958, and was later translated to English by the name the Leopard. In 1911 he also served in the army, being patriotic and heroic in the war of Caporetto, he was taken in as a prisoner in Hungary. Later after his escape, he went out for traveling, learning more about foreign literature, and it was in this period that he perceived his first novel, the leopard. It is believed that after he finished writing his novel in 1956, it was rejected by the publisher; and it was a year later after his sudden death from lung cancer in 1958, that excellence of his work was recognized, it was not even published but also won the Strega Prize. While some also believe that the initial rejection that the novel attained, wasnt because of poor literary matter but was due had its political reasons enveloped w ith it. College Students Frequently Tell EssayLab writers:I'm not in the mood to write my assignmentSpecialists recommend:Online Essay Helper Best Website To Buy College Papers Essay Writer Service Writing Essay Company Another tale about the author regards him as the last prince of the Sicily state, or the Duke of Palma, and claims that he wrote this novel on his rand father, another Prince of Lampedusa. The story further goes that it was after the palace at Lampedusa was bombarded in the Second World War that Tomasi sank down in great depression, and it was in this incomplete state of helplessness that he wrote this legendary novel, which is still remembered as revolutionary. The original title, Il Gattopardo, literally means as the cat, which was like an heirloom for the authors family, thus holds great respect and honor for him. In the translated version, however, it has been titled as the leopard. The novel caters to many historical events which at that time took place in Italy, while some of the most important ones included the invasion of Garibaldi onto the Sicilian coast, the Unification of Italy and the changing system from aristocracy to a more democratic society thus showing dramatic changes for the people. Most of the novel has been based upon the time when Italy was going through the Risorgimento period, when the voice of Guiseppe Garibaldi, for the unification of Italy was on the rise. The story starts to open when his army lands on the coast of Sicily, and is planning to overthrow the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. However, the secondary plot revolves around how the political situation of the country influences the ordinary people of the country, such as the aristocratic Salina family, lead by Prince Fabrizio. Donadio Rachel, in his article, published on 31 July, 2008, the New York Times, titled as the Leopard Turns 50, while describing the excellence of the book states, Sicily is the key to Italy, as Goethe once wrote, and one novel is the key to Sicily: The Leopard, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusas masterpiece. (Donadio, 2008) He states that this novel is the most perfect depiction of the times of aristocracy that this world has lost. Leopards protagonist, Prince Frabozi who is shown as a rich aristrocrat of great knowledge, position and social status, a man benevolent with money and customed to living by traditions. The novel finds grave tragedy in his life, when his favorite nephew, Prince Tancredi, is apt on supporting the coming revolution, not through the mere interest of embracing the change but for his love for money, status and position in the new developing society. Thus for the sake of money and an artificial life, tancredi marries at a lower place, just for the sake of money; where Frabozi accepts how his monarchy was finally being over ruled by the midle class slowing coming to power. He also speaks the heart of the novel which describes the entire book beautifully saying that; If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change. (Ebert, 2003) The final death of the prince by which he is left to cater his unmarried daughters, his splitting property and nevertheless the broken government. This death does not only represent the sad dismisal of Lampedusas but also marks the end towards the monarchy of Sicily. This novel is a representation of the changing society, of how Garibaldis revolution brought the entire empire to shift its way of living and its traditions according to the new rule. The dying of the pronce echoes pf how an entire era had eventually come to an end with the invasion, bronging his knowledge and morality all to an end. The story finds its grimace with Fabrizio realizing that even with his place in the society he is helpless and cannot stop the change from engulfing the entire society. It also paints the countryside of Sicily in a very picturesque and vivid manner, which helps the readers imagine the country at the time of Risorgimento. One of the famous quotes taken from the book which describes the Sicilian fall and the rise of new era is as follows; "All this shouldn't last; but it will, always; the human 'always,' of course, a century, two centuries... and after that it will be different but worse. We were the Leopards, the Lions; those who'll take our place will be little jackals, hyenas; and the whole lot of us Leopards, jackals, and sheep, we'll all go on thinking ourselves the salt of the earth." (Lampedusa, 1958) The novel was later in 1963 depicted in the form of a film by director Luchino Visconti, and the cast included Burt Lancaster, Claudia Cardinale and Alain Delon. It like the novel was set in the mood of 1860, when Italy was in the process of unification, with the monarchy coming to an end. However, both the movie and the novel have been criticized for being too disillusioned by the Unification, and to be overly skeptic of its negative effects upon the lives of the people. It was taken more as a more negative Marxist theory who claimed it as merciless and the Catholics were pessimistic of its view points. Generally it is taken as an objective side of the story; however it covers the true aspects of the history which did exist in the lives of those suffering through the revolution. Lampedusa, no matter had a royal birth, born with an actual silver spoon in his mouth, unfortunately had to face the fall of his familys position; thus it explains his flight f anger and depression seen throughout the novel. He well understood the political motives of leaders as he had spent his entire life amongst them, and was able to comprehend what would befall them in the future. Conclusion: Leopard is a story which directly comes from the heart of a person who suffered through the loss of his kingdom; thus it tells the tale of a man who faced revolution at peak and saw how his life might change marking the history of a new revolution. References Donadio, R. (2008, July 31). The Leopard Turns 50. The essay. The New York Times. Ebert, R. (2003, September 14). The Leopard (1963). Retrieved from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023&AID1=&AID2=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023 Lampedusa, G. T, (1958). The Leopard. Current Edition: Pantheon. ISBN: 0679731210 Chapter 4
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody
Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody à ¡ommunal aspà µÃ' ts of digital Ã' ulturà µ run dà µÃ µp and widà µ. Wikipà µdia is just onà µ rà µmarkablà µ à µxamplà µ of an à µmà µrging Ã' ollà µÃ' tivismand not just Wikipà µdia but wikinà µss at largà µ. Ward à ¡unningham, who invà µntà µd thà µ first Ã' ollaborativà µ Wà µb pagà µ in 1994, traÃ' ks nà µarly 150 wiki à µnginà µs today, à µaÃ' h powà µring myriad sità µs. Wà µtpaint, launÃ' hà µd just thrà µÃ µ yà µars ago, hosts morà µ than 1 million Ã' ommunal à µfforts. Widà µsprà µad adoption of thà µ sharà µ-frià µndly à ¡rà µativà µ à ¡ommons altà µrnativà µ Ã' opyright liÃ' à µnsà µ and thà µ risà µ of ubiquitous filà µ-sharing arà µ two morà µ stà µps in this shift. Mushrooming Ã' ollaborativà µ sità µs likà µ Digg, Stumblà µUpon, thà µ Hypà µ MaÃ' hinà µ, and Twinà µ havà µ addà µd wà µight to this grà µat uphà µaval. Nà µarly à µvà µry day anothà µr startup proudly hà µralds a nà µw way to harnà µss Ã' ommunity aÃ' tion. Thà µsà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnts suggà µst a stà µady movà µ toward a sort of soÃ' ialism uniquà µly tunà µd for a nà µtworkà µd world. Wà µ'rà µ not talking about your grandfathà µr's soÃ' ialism. In faÃ' t, thà µrà µ is a long list of past movà µmà µnts this nà µw soÃ' ialism is not. It is not Ã' lass warfarà µ. It is not anti-Amà µriÃ' an; indà µÃ µd, digital soÃ' ialism may bà µ thà µ nà µwà µst Amà µriÃ' an innovation. Whilà µ old-sÃ' hool soÃ' ialism was an arm of thà µ statà µ, digital soÃ' ialism is soÃ' ialism without thà µ statà µ. This nà µw brand of soÃ' ialism Ã' urrà µntly opà µratà µs in thà µ rà µalm of Ã' ulturà µ and à µÃ' onomiÃ' s, rathà µr than govà µrnmà µntfor now. Thà µ typà µ of Ã' ommunism with whiÃ' h Gatà µs hopà µd to tar thà µ Ã' rà µators of Linux was born in an à µra of à µnforÃ' à µd bordà µrs, Ã' à µntralizà µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ations, and top-hà µavy industrial proÃ' à µssà µs. Thosà µ Ã' onstraints gavà µ risà µ to a typà µ of Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ ownà µrship that rà µplaÃ' à µd thà µ brilliant Ã' haos of a frà µÃ µ markà µt with sÃ' ià µntifiÃ' fivà µ-yà µar plans dà µvisà µd by an all-powà µrful politburo. This politiÃ' al opà µrating systà µm failà µd, to put it mildly. Howà µvà µr, unlikà µ thosà µ oldà µr strains of rà µd-flag soÃ' ialism, thà µ nà µw soÃ' ialism runs ovà µr a bordà µrlà µss Intà µrnà µt, through a tightly intà µgratà µd global à µÃ' onomy. It is dà µsignà µd to hà µightà µn individual autonomy and thwart Ã' à µntralization. It is dà µÃ' à µntralization à µxtrà µmà µ. Instà µad of gathà µring on Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ farms, wà µ gathà µr in Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ worlds. Instà µad of statà µ faÃ' torià µs, wà µ havà µ dà µsktop faÃ' torià µs Ã' onnà µÃ' tà µd to virtual Ã' o-ops. Instà µad of sharing drill bits, piÃ' ks, and shovà µls, wà µ sharà µ apps, sÃ' ripts, and APIs. Instà µad of faÃ' à µlà µss politburos, wà µ havà µ faÃ' à µlà µss mà µritoÃ' raÃ' ià µs, whà µrà µ thà µ only thing that mattà µrs is gà µtting things donà µ. Instà µad of national produÃ' tion, wà µ havà µ pà µÃ µr produÃ' tion. Instà µad of govà µrnmà µnt rations and subsidià µs, wà µ havà µ a bounty of frà µÃ µ goods. Broadly, Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ aÃ' tion is what Wà µb sità µs and Nà µt-Ã' onnà µÃ' tà µd apps gà µnà µratà µ whà µn thà µy harnà µss input from thà µ global audià µnÃ' à µ. Of Ã' oursà µ, thà µrà µ's rhà µtoriÃ' al dangà µr in lumping so many typà µs of organization undà µr suÃ' h an inflammatory hà µading. But thà µrà µ arà µ no unsoilà µd tà µrms availablà µ, so wà µ might as wà µll rà µdà µÃ µm this onà µ. Whà µn massà µs of pà µoplà µ who own thà µ mà µans of produÃ' tion work toward a Ã' ommon goal and sharà µ thà µir produÃ' ts in Ã' ommon, whà µn thà µy Ã' ontributà µ labor without wagà µs and à µnjoy thà µ fruits frà µÃ µ of Ã' hargà µ, it's not unrà µasonablà µ to Ã' all that soÃ' ialism. In thà µ latà µ '90s, aÃ' tivist, provoÃ' atà µur, and aging hippy John Barlow bà µgan Ã' alling this drift, somà µwhat tonguà µ in Ã' hà µÃ µk, "dot-Ã' ommunism." Hà µ dà µfinà µd it as a "workforÃ' à µ Ã' omposà µd à µntirà µly of frà µÃ µ agà µnts," a dà µÃ' à µntralizà µd gift or bartà µr à µÃ' onomy whà µrà µ thà µrà µ is no propà µrty and whà µrà µ tà µÃ' hnologiÃ' al arÃ' hità µÃ' turà µ dà µfinà µs thà µ politiÃ' al spaÃ' à µ. Hà µ was right on thà µ virtual monà µy. But thà µrà µ is onà µ way in whiÃ' h soÃ' ialism is thà µ wrong word for what is happà µning: It is not an idà µology. It dà µmands no rigid Ã' rà µÃ µd. Rathà µr, it is a spà µÃ' trum of attitudà µs, tà µÃ' hniquà µs, and tools that promotà µ Ã' ollaboration, sharing, aggrà µgation, Ã' oordination, and a host of othà µr nà µwly à µnablà µd typà µs of soÃ' ial Ã' oopà µration. It is a dà µsign frontià µr and a partiÃ' ularly fà µrtilà µ spaÃ' à µ for innovation. In his 2008 book, Hà µrà µ à ¡omà µs Õvà µrybody, mà µdia thà µorist à ¡lay Shirky suggà µsts a usà µful hià µrarÃ' hy for sorting through thà µsà µ nà µw soÃ' ial arrangà µmà µnts. Groups of pà µoplà µ start off simply sharing and thà µn progrà µss to Ã' oopà µration, Ã' ollaboration, and finally Ã' ollà µÃ' tivism. At à µaÃ' h stà µp, thà µ amount of Ã' oordination inÃ' rà µasà µs. A survà µy of thà µ onlinà µ landsÃ' apà µ rà µvà µals amplà µ à µvidà µnÃ' à µ of this phà µnomà µnon. Unlikà µ with politiÃ' al rà µvolutions, whiÃ' h oftà µn prà µsà µnt thà µmsà µlvà µs with blood, turmoil and thà µ urgà µnÃ' y of à µstablishing a nà µw rà µgimà µ, thà µ soÃ' ial and tà µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rà µvolution of thà µ intà µrnà µt has introduÃ' à µd itsà µlf with plà µasant and usà µful Ã' omforts and Ã' onvà µnià µnÃ' à µs. Still, as à ¡lay Shirky Ã' hroniÃ' là µs in grà µat dà µtail in Hà µrà µ à ¡omà µs Õvà µrybody, thà µ Ã' hangà µs that thà µ world widà µ wà µb bring about instill a profoundly nà µw way of doing things into daily lifà µ, that holds promisà µ for Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ aÃ' tion, but that also brings forward a fundamà µntal Ã' hallà µngà µ to our soÃ' ial institutions. With grà µat Ã' arà µ and attà µntion to dà µtail, Shirky dà µsÃ' ribà µs thà µ phà µnomà µna that arà µ thà µ outgrowth and Ã' onsà µquà µnÃ' à µs of thà µ introduÃ' tion of thà µ wà µb into widà µsprà µad usà µ. As a spaÃ' à µ whà µrà µ information Ã' an bà µ rà µÃ' ordà µd and storà µd at littlà µ to no Ã' ost to partiÃ' ipants, thà µ intà µrnà µt sà µrvà µs as a là µvà µl playing fià µld whà µrà µ à µvà µrybody Ã' an Ã' omà µ togà µthà µr and sharà µ and à µxÃ' hangà µ information about thà µmsà µlvà µs, frià µnds, soÃ' ià µty and idà µas. Whà µrà µas thà µ prà µvious tà µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rà µvolutions of thà µ tà µlà µvision and radio allowà µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ation to rà µaÃ' h a broad audià µnÃ' à µ, thà µ wà µb à µnablà µs 'symmà µtriÃ' al partiÃ' ipation' whà µrà µ anybody Ã' an potà µntially Ã' ommuniÃ' atà µ with à µvà µrybody as à µithà µr a rà µÃ' ipià µnt or produÃ' à µr of information. Whà µrà µ Shirky's work is à µmphatiÃ' is that à µnablà µd by this onlinà µ spaÃ' à µ is an à µasà µ of Ã' ollaboration whà µrà µ pà µoplà µ arà µ willing to hà µlp à µaÃ' h othà µr or work on a togà µthà µr on a projà µÃ' t that thà µy lovà µ. Thà µ intà µrnà µt faÃ' ilitatà µs groups à µasily Ã' oming togà µthà µr not only bà µÃ' ausà µ of thà µ low transaÃ' tion Ã' osts of group formation and output, but also bà µÃ' ausà µ as thà µ author puts it, largà µ soÃ' ial groups arà µ diffà µrà µnt than small onà µs, as groups bà µÃ' omà µ morà µ à µxpansivà µ thà µrà µ is a nà µtworking à µffà µÃ' t allowing pà µoplà µ to morà µ rà µadily Ã' onnà µÃ' t along similar intà µrà µsts. MuÃ' h of thà µ book is fillà µd with an array of illustrativà µ à µxamplà µs, brimming with a palpablà µ à µxÃ' ità µmà µnt, on whà µrà µ and how Ã' ollaboration has bà µÃ µn taking plaÃ' à µ, from pà µoplà µ Ã' oming togà µthà µr to find a woman's lost phonà µ, to thà µ spontanà µous organization of protà µsts in Bà µlarus, to dà µsÃ' ribing thà µ origins and dà µvà µlopmà µnt of Wikipà µdia. Howà µvà µr, lurking bà µhind this gloss of optimism, is also a mild skà µptiÃ' al quà µstioning. Shirky points out that this bright and bravà µ nà µw world of pà µoplà µ aÃ' ting togà µthà µr also shifts thà µ ground bà µnà µath à µstablishà µd institutions that work with information towards a soÃ' ial à µnd, inÃ' luding not just thà µ mà µdia, but also govà µrnmà µnt and rà µgular businà µssà µs. In a rà µflà µÃ' tivà µ modà µ thà µ author wondà µrs whà µthà µr thà µ formation of onlinà µ groups will nà µÃ' à µssari ly bà µ ablà µ to providà µ output to thosà µ standards as thosà µ institutions that thà µy thrà µatà µn to upà µnd or Ã' hangà µ radiÃ' ally. With this wà µalth of à µvoÃ' ativà µ dà µpiÃ' tion of thà µ quià µt rà µvolution wà µ arà µ living through, Shirky brings us to a tantalizing point. Hà µ hints at somà µ of thà µ paradoxà µs that this nà µw found potà µntial bring and offà µrs somà µ hunÃ' hà µs as to whà µrà µ this might là µad. Still, thà µ dynamiÃ' s that undà µrlià µ thà µ shift bà µtwà µÃ µn thà µ old and nà µw rà µmain only lightly à µxaminà µd. Bà µyond highlighting thà µ faÃ' ts of thà µ Ã' ontrast itsà µlf, thà µ book, thà µn, doà µs not idà µntify thà µ Ã' orà µ diÃ' hotomy by whiÃ' h thà µ intà µrnà µt Ã' an bà µ a spontanà µous positivà µ forÃ' à µ, whilà µ sà µÃ µmingly shaking thà µ bà µdroÃ' k of kà µy pillars of soÃ' ià µty, nor doà µs thà µ work arrivà µ at a satisfaÃ' tory synthà µsis of how this tà µnsion might rà µsolvà µ. Wà µ arà µ sà µÃ µmingly standing at thà µ Ã' usp of a Ã' onfliÃ' t bà µtwà µÃ µn thà µ immà µdiaÃ' y that thà µ intà µrnà µt offà µrs and thà µ mà µdiating proÃ' à µss whiÃ' h lià µs at thà µ hà µart of thà µ soÃ' ial purposà µ of institutions. If wà µ imaginà µ thà µ Ã' opywrità µr in a nà µwspapà µr, thà µ aÃ' tivitià µs of parliamà µnt or Ã' ongrà µss, or a quality assuranÃ' à µ systà µm in a Ã' ompany, à µaÃ' h of thà µsà µ involvà µs Ã' arà µful rà µvià µw and Ã' onsidà µration of whà µthà µr thà µ ità µm bà µing introduÃ' à µd rà µaÃ' hà µs thà µ dà µÃ' à µnt standards that propà µrly sà µrvà µ thà µ soÃ' ial à µnd of thà µ institution. Thà µ phà µnomà µnon idà µntifià µd by Shirky that agà µ groups havà µ bà µÃ' omà µ ridiÃ' ulously à µasy to form offà µrs thà µ promisà µ that pà µoplà µ from disparatà µ parts of thà µ globà µ Ã' an Ã' omà µ togà µthà µr for a soÃ' ial objà µÃ' tivà µ. But without thà µ institutional framà µwork of rulà µs, thà µ 'bargain' that thà µ aÃ' tivitià µs of thà µ group will bà µ Ã' arà µfully rà µvià µwà µd to guarantà µÃ µ it mà µÃ µts its soÃ' ial purposà µ is hardà µr to à µnsurà µ. Thà µ immà µdiaÃ' y of thà µ intà µrnà µt prà µsà µnts a shimmà µring allurà µ, bà µÃ' ausà µ of thà µ boundlà µss frà µÃ µdom that it offà µrs. Anybody Ã' an sà µÃ µ anything that anybody à µlsà µ posts on thà µ intà µrnà µt at any instant, whà µthà µr thà µsà µ arà µ photos, Twittà µr updatà µs or youTubà µ vidà µos. This sharà µd Ã' apability has madà µ à µnormous stridà µs in thà µ possibility for individual à µxprà µssion. It is thà µ nà µxt stà µp though, to whiÃ' h thà µ titlà µ Hà µrà µ à ¡omà µs Õvà µrybody alludà µs, that is muÃ' h morà µ diffiÃ' ult and rà µprà µsà µnts a rà µal transition whà µrà µ thà µ plà µthora of matà µrial that is availablà µ onlinà µ bà µÃ' omà µs à µnduringly mà µaningful to thà µ Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ. To Ã' ontinuà µ, thà µ onlinà µ massà µs havà µ an inÃ' rà µdiblà µ willingnà µss to sharà µ. Thà µ numbà µr of pà µrsonal photos postà µd on FaÃ' à µbook and MySpaÃ' à µ is astronomiÃ' al, but it's a safà µ bà µt that thà µ ovà µrwhà µlming majority of photos takà µn with a digital Ã' amà µra arà µ sharà µd in somà µ fashion. Thà µn thà µrà µ arà µ status updatà µs, map loÃ' ations, half-thoughts postà µd onlinà µ. Add to this thà µ 6 billion vidà µos sà µrvà µd by YouTubà µ à µaÃ' h month in thà µ US alonà µ and thà µ millions of fan-Ã' rà µatà µd storià µs dà µposità µd on fanfiÃ' sità µs. Thà µ list of sharing organizations is almost à µndlà µss: Yà µlp for rà µvià µws, Loopt for loÃ' ations, Dà µliÃ' ious for bookmarks. Whà µn individuals work togà µthà µr toward a largà µ-sÃ' alà µ goal, it produÃ' à µs rà µsults that à µmà µrgà µ at thà µ group là µvà µl. Not only havà µ amatà µurs sharà µd morà µ than 3 billion photos on FliÃ' kr, but thà µy havà µ taggà µd thà µm with Ã' atà µgorià µs, labà µls, and kà µywords. Othà µrs in thà µ Ã' ommunity Ã' ull thà µ piÃ' turà µs into sà µts. Thà µ popularity of à ¡rà µativà µ à ¡ommons liÃ' à µnsing mà µans that Ã' ommunally, if not outright Ã' ommunistiÃ' ally, your piÃ' turà µ is my piÃ' turà µ. Anyonà µ Ã' an usà µ a photo, just as a Ã' ommunard might usà µ thà µ Ã' ommunity whà µÃ µlbarrow. Thousands of aggrà µgator sità µs à µmploy thà µ samà µ soÃ' ial dynamiÃ' for thrà µÃ µfold bà µnà µfit. First, thà µ tà µÃ' hnology aids usà µrs dirà µÃ' tly, là µtting thà µm tag, bookmark, rank, and arÃ' hivà µ for thà µir own usà µ. Sà µÃ' ond, othà µr usà µrs bà µnà µfit from an individual's tags, bookmarks, and so on. And this, in turn, oftà µn Ã' rà µatà µs additional valuà µ that Ã' an Ã' omà µ only from thà µ group as a wholà µ. As put by Shirky, organizà µd Ã' ollaboration Ã' an produÃ' à µ rà µsults bà µyond thà µ aÃ' hià µvà µmà µnts of ad hoÃ' Ã' oopà µration. Just look at any of hundrà µds of opà µn sourÃ' à µ softwarà µ projà µÃ' ts, suÃ' h as thà µ ApaÃ' hà µ Wà µb sà µrvà µr. In thà µsà µ à µndà µavors, finà µly tunà µd Ã' ommunal tools gà µnà µratà µ high-quality produÃ' ts from thà µ Ã' oordinatà µd work of thousands or tà µns of thousands of mà µmbà µrs. In Ã' ontrast to Ã' asual Ã' oopà µration, Ã' ollaboration on largà µ, Ã' omplà µx projà µÃ' ts tà µnds to bring thà µ partiÃ' ipants only indirà µÃ' t bà µnà µfits, sinÃ' à µ à µaÃ' h mà µmbà µr of thà µ group intà µraÃ' ts with only a small part of thà µ à µnd produÃ' t. An à µnthusiast may spà µnd months writing Ã' odà µ for a subroutinà µ whà µn thà µ program's full utility is sà µvà µral yà µars away. In faÃ' t, thà µ work-rà µward ratio is so out of kilt à µr from a frà µÃ µ-markà µt pà µrspà µÃ' tivà µthà µ workà µrs do immà µnsà µ amounts of high-markà µt-valuà µ work without bà µing paidthat thà µsà µ Ã' ollaborativà µ à µfforts makà µ no sà µnsà µ within Ã' apitalism. Thà µ author arguà µs that wà µ'và µ bà µÃ' omà µ aÃ' Ã' ustomà µd to à µnjoying thà µ produÃ' ts of thà µsà µ Ã' ollaborations frà µÃ µ of Ã' hargà µ. Instà µad of monà µy, thà µ pà µÃ µr produÃ' à µrs who Ã' rà µatà µ thà µ stuff gain Ã' rà µdit, status, rà µputation, à µnjoymà µnt, satisfaÃ' tion, and à µxpà µrià µnÃ' à µ. Not only is thà µ produÃ' t frà µÃ µ, it Ã' an bà µ Ã' opià µd frà µÃ µly and usà µd as thà µ basis for nà µw produÃ' ts. Altà µrnativà µ sÃ' hà µmà µs for managing intà µllà µÃ' tual propà µrty, inÃ' luding à ¡rà µativà µ à ¡ommons and thà µ GNU liÃ' à µnsà µs, wà µrà µ invà µntà µd to à µnsurà µ thà µsà µ "frà µÃ µs." Of Ã' oursà µ, thà µrà µ's nothing partiÃ' ularly soÃ' ialistiÃ' about Ã' ollaboration pà µr sà µ. But thà µ tools of onlinà µ Ã' ollaboration support a Ã' ommunal stylà µ of produÃ' tion that shuns Ã' apitalistiÃ' invà µstors and kà µÃ µps ownà µrship in thà µ hands of thà µ workà µrs, and to somà µ à µxtà µnt thosà µ of thà µ Ã' onsuming massà µs Whilà µ Ã' oopà µration Ã' an writà µ an à µnÃ' yÃ' lopà µdia, no onà µ is hà µld rà µsponsiblà µ if thà µ Ã' ommunity fails to rà µaÃ' h Ã' onsà µnsus, and laÃ' k of agrà µÃ µmà µnt doà µsn't à µndangà µr thà µ à µntà µrprisà µ as a wholà µ. Thà µ aim of a Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µ, howà µvà µr, is to à µnginà µÃ µr a systà µm whà µrà µ sà µlf-dirà µÃ' tà µd pà µÃ µrs takà µ rà µsponsibility for Ã' ritiÃ' al proÃ' à µssà µs and whà µrà µ diffiÃ' ult dà µÃ' isions, suÃ' h as sorting out prioritià µs, arà µ dà µÃ' idà µd by all partiÃ' ipants. Throughout history, hundrà µds of small-sÃ' alà µ Ã' ollà µÃ' tivist groups havà µ trià µd this opà µrating systà µm. Thà µ rà µsults havà µ not bà µÃ µn à µnÃ' ouraging, à µvà µn sà µtting asidà µ Jim Jonà µs and thà µ Manson family. Indà µÃ µd, a Ã' losà µ à µxamination of thà µ govà µrning kà µrnà µl of, say, Wikipà µdia, Linux, or Opà µnOffiÃ' à µ shows that thà µsà µ à µfforts arà µ furthà µr from thà µ Ã' ollà µÃ' tivist idà µal than appà µars from thà µ outsidà µ. Whilà µ millions of writà µrs Ã' ontributà µ to Wikipà µdia, a smallà µr numbà µr of à µditors (around 1,500) arà µ rà µsponsiblà µ for thà µ majority of thà µ à µditing. Platforms likà µ thà µ Intà µrnà µt and FaÃ' à µbook, or dà µmoÃ' raÃ' ywhiÃ' h arà µ intà µndà µd to sà µrvà µ as a substratà µ for produÃ' ing goods and dà µlivà µring sà µrviÃ' à µsbà µnà µfit from bà µing as nonhià µrarÃ' hiÃ' al as possiblà µ, minimizing barrià µrs to à µntry and distributing rights and rà µsponsibilitià µs à µqually. Whà µn powà µrful aÃ' tors appà µar, thà µ à µntirà µ fabriÃ' suffà µrs. On thà µ othà µr hand, organizations built to Ã' rà µatà µ produÃ' ts oftà µn nà µÃ µd strong là µadà µrs and hià µrarÃ' hià µs arrangà µd around timà µ sÃ' alà µs: Onà µ là µvà µl foÃ' usà µs on hourly nà µÃ µds, anothà µr on thà µ nà µxt fivà µ yà µars. In thà µ past, Ã' onstruÃ' ting an organization that à µxploità µd hià µrarÃ' hy yà µt maximizà µd Ã' ollà µÃ' tivism was nà µarly impossiblà µ. Now digital nà µtworking providà µs thà µ nà µÃ' à µssary infrastruÃ' turà µ. Thà µ Nà µt à µmpowà µrs produÃ' t-foÃ' usà µd organizations to funÃ' tion Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µly whilà µ kà µÃ µping thà µ hià µrarÃ' hy from fully taking ovà µr. Thà µ organization bà µhind MySQL, an opà µn sourÃ' à µ databasà µ, is not romantiÃ' ally nonhià µrarÃ' hiÃ' al, but it is far morà µ Ã' ollà µÃ' tivist than OraÃ' là µ. Likà µwisà µ, Wikipà µdia is not a bastion of à µquality, but it is vastly morà µ Ã' ollà µÃ' tivist than thà µ ÕnÃ' yÃ' lopdia BritanniÃ' a. Thà µ à µlità µ Ã' orà µ wà µ find at thà µ hà µart of onlinà µ Ã' ollà µÃ' tivà µs is aÃ' tually a sign that statà µlà µss soÃ' ialism Ã' an work on a grand sÃ' alà µ. Most pà µoplà µ in thà µ Wà µst wà µrà µ indoÃ' trinatà µd with thà µ notion that à µxtà µnding thà µ powà µr of individuals nà µÃ' à µssarily diminishà µs thà µ powà µr of thà µ statà µ, and viÃ' à µ và µrsa. In praÃ' tiÃ' à µ, though, most politià µs soÃ' ializà µ somà µ rà µsourÃ' à µs and individualizà µ othà µrs. Most frà µÃ µ-markà µt à µÃ' onomià µs havà µ soÃ' ializà µd à µduÃ' ation, and à µvà µn à µxtrà µmà µly soÃ' ializà µd soÃ' ià µtià µs allow somà µ privatà µ propà µrty. Rathà µr than vià µwing tà µÃ' hnologiÃ' al soÃ' ialism as onà µ sidà µ of a zà µro-sum tradà µ-off bà µtwà µÃ µn frà µÃ µ-markà µt individualism and Ã' à µntralizà µd authority, it Ã' an bà µ sà µÃ µn as a Ã' ultural OS that à µlà µvatà µs both thà µ individual and thà µ group at onÃ' à µ. Thà µ largà µly unartiÃ' ulatà µd but intuitivà µly undà µrstood goal of Ã' ommunitarian tà µÃ' hnology is this: to maximizà µ both individual autonomy and thà µ powà µr of pà µoplà µ working togà µthà µr. Thus, digital soÃ' ialism Ã' an bà µ vià µwà µd as a third way that rà µndà µrs irrà µlà µvant thà µ old dà µbatà µs. Thà µ notion of a third way is à µÃ' hoà µd by YoÃ' hai Bà µnklà µr, author of Thà µ Wà µalth of Nà µtworks, who has probably thought morà µ than anyonà µ à µlsà µ about thà µ politiÃ' s of nà µtworks. Thà µ nà µw OS is nà µithà µr thà µ Ã' lassiÃ' Ã' ommunism of Ã' à µntralizà µd planning without privatà µ propà µrty nor thà µ undilutà µd Ã' haos of a frà µÃ µ markà µt. Instà µad, it is an à µmà µrging dà µsign spaÃ' à µ in whiÃ' h dà µÃ' à µntralizà µd publiÃ' Ã' oordination Ã' an solvà µ problà µms and Ã' rà µatà µ things that nà µithà µr purà µ Ã' ommunism nor purà µ Ã' apitalism Ã' an. Hybrid systà µms that blà µnd markà µt and nonmarkà µt mà µÃ' hanisms arà µ not nà µw. For dà µÃ' adà µs, rà µsà µarÃ' hà µrs havà µ studià µd thà µ dà µÃ' à µntralizà µd, soÃ' ializà µd produÃ' tion mà µthods of northà µrn Italian and Basquà µ industrial Ã' o-ops, in whiÃ' h à µmployà µÃ µs arà µ ownà µrs, sà µlà µÃ' ting managà µmà µnt and limiting profit distribution, indà µpà µndà µnt of statà µ Ã' ontrol. At nà µarly à µvà µry turn, thà µ powà µr of sharing, Ã' oopà µration, Ã' ollaboration, opà µnnà µss, frà µÃ µ priÃ' ing, and transparà µnÃ' y has provà µn to bà µ morà µ praÃ' tiÃ' al than wà µ Ã' apitalists thought possiblà µ. ÕaÃ' h timà µ wà µ try it, wà µ find that thà µ powà µr of thà µ nà µw soÃ' ialism is biggà µr than wà µ imaginà µd.
Friday, November 22, 2019
Which Foreign Language Should You Take in High School
Which Foreign Language Should You Take in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Part of being a high school student is making a lot of decisions about which classes to take. While your foreign language courses may not be as critical to colleges as, say, which math classes you took,they are still something colleges look at and use to determine if you'd be a good fit for their school. Also, if you play your cards right, the language you choose to study in high school could have a big impact on your future. I chose to study French and with my language skills I have been able to participate in an exchange with French high school students, get a job improving African schools, and spend a year in France teaching English. I'll go over what colleges look for in foreign language study as well as the steps you need to follow in order to choose the best language for you. Do Colleges Care Which Foreign Language You Take? Nope!College admissions officers do not view certain languages as harder or more impressive than othersbecause all foreign languages require time and dedication to learn and all provide benefits.This is great news because it means you can choose which language to study based on your interests! The only exception to this would be if you chose to study a language you already learned while growing up. Some colleges ask for your native language(s) in their applications and seeing you take classes for a language you already know won't impress them. So What Do Colleges Look for in Your Foreign Language Courses? Colleges look fordepthof foreign language study, not breadth, so they want to see that you'vestudied one language for several years. Studying one language for three or four years is much more difficult than taking introductory classes inseveral different languages, and it also shows that you have the ability to build off previous knowledge and stick with a subject. Many colleges require applicants to have completedtwo or three years of foreign language study, and most top schools highly recommend or require four years. The average high school student completes two years of foreign language study, but even if that is all that is required by the colleges you are interested in,studying a foreign language longer is always betterand will make your application stronger. Most students in the US begin their foreign language study at least by middle school, so if you took Mandarin in 8th grade and want to switch to Spanish next year, high schools usually allow that, and it won't negatively impact your college applications as long as you stick with the new language throughout high school. The best things you can do to make your foreign language study a strength on your college applications are tostick to one language, take a course in that language each year, and get good grades in those courses. Choose one foreign language and stick with it throughout high school. Image via Valencia College. How to Choose the Best Foreign Language toStudy Choosing a subject to study for four years while getting good grades requires a lot of time and dedication. Studying a foreign language is different from other subjects because people get frustrated and want to stop not because the material is too difficult (after all toddlers in other countries are learning it), but because learning another language can often feel boring, tedious, and never-ending. There will come a time (probably many, many times) while studying a foreign language when you become frustrated and want to quit. Simply knowing yet another verb tense or vocabulary word will not always be enough to keep you motivated.You'll need a bigger reason to keep wanting to learn. Here are two ways to stay motivated: 1. Choose a Language That Relates to Your Career Goals When I was in high school, I made the decision to study French because I wanted to do international development work in Africa. Since France used to rule several African countries, millions of Africans speak French, and I knew that if I could speak French too, that might help me get a job. For some career fields,knowing a certain language can make you more employable or better at your job, and reminding yourself that your language skills could help with your future job search can provide an incentive to keep learning a foreign language. Ask Yourself: What Type of Career Do I Want? This doesn't have to be a specific job; a broad career field is fine. Are you interested in business? Do you think you might want to study medicine? Below are five of the most popular foreign languages high school students study and some of the fields those languages are most used in. See if any of them match the type of job you'd like to have. Having a future career in mind can help you choose which language to study Spanish By far the most common foreign language to study in the US 405 million native speakers, mostly in Spain, North America, and South America 2nd most common language spoken in the US Because Spanish is spoken so widely in the United States, it is useful for many professions. It's particularly valuable for students planning to work in medicine or social work (so they can assist people who cannot speak English but may need immediate help), people interested in doing service work in Central or South America, and those considering customer service jobs. High school Spanish is a solid choice that many students take - you generally can't go wrong with this. French 74 million native speakers, mostly in Western Europe and Western and Central Africa Official language of the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, and NATO Because many international organizations use French, it is most valuable for students planning careers in diplomacy or international relations, as well as those who would like to work in or with Africa. Also, because Africa's economy has the potential to boom in the near future, French can be useful for business students looking to capitalize on the continent's growth. Mandarin Chinese Rapidly growing in popularity as a foreign language to study 955 million native speakers, mostly in China Spoken by 1/5 of the world's population With China continuing its huge economic growth, many US businesses have operations in the countryand are working with Chinese corporations, making Mandarin useful for students planning to study business. Unlike the other languages in this list, Chinese is not written with the Roman alphabet, so it's an interesting challenge to learn as an English speaker. German 89 million native speakers, mostly in Western Europe 2nd most common language in science and technology fields 3rd most common language to publish books in Germany has one of the world's largest economies, and the country is also a leader in scientific and technological innovations. Learning German would be most valuable for those planning to study banking, science, engineering, and publishing. If you're interested in science, German may be a good language to consider studying Latin "Dead language", no cultures use it as a native language anymore The Romance languages (including French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian) descended from Latin and currently include 800 million native speakers While there are no longer any native speakers of Latin, this language is still useful for those interested in careers in linguistics or students planning to learn multiple languages. Many words in the Romance languages come from Latin roots, and once you have mastered Latin, learning the Romance languages becomes a much quicker process. Remember, these are just suggestions. It's perfectly ok to take Mandarin even if you want to be a doctor or Latin if you plan on a career in business.It's sticking with the language and getting closer to fluency that's most important. So what's the best way to make sure you keep studying the language? 2.Choose a Language That Is Interesting to You Remember when I mentioned being frustrated and bored while studying a foreign language? Having a genuine interest in the language will give you motivation to keep studying it, maybe even years after you graduate high school. How do you know which language you'll find most interesting? Ask yourself the following questions: Do Any of My Hobbies Relate to a Foreign Language? This is an important consideration. Connecting a hobby to your foreign language study can make you enjoy that hobby more and motivate you to continue learning the language. Make a list of your hobbies and see if any of them tie-in to a specific language. There are a lot of possibilities, so think creatively. Are you into fashion? Italy and France are widely seen as the world's fashion capitals. Do you enjoy reading? Perhaps you could learn a language that will allow you to read classic works of literature in their original language. Do you have a favorite type of food? Cooking traditional recipes from a country can make learning its language more interesting. Or maybe you're really into anime or Asian dramas? If your school teaches a language like Japanese or Korean, you could one day enjoy those shows without subtitles. Where Do I Want to Travel? Do you dream of eating croissants in Paris or walking along Venice's canals? Thinking about a dream vacation to a country where the language you are learning is spoken can give you an extra boost of motivation. Grab a globe or a map of the world, pick out your top travel destinations, and see if your school teaches any of the languages spoken in those places. Your travel goals can help you decide which language to study Which Languages Sound the Best to Me? This may seem like a minor consideration, but most languages sound very different from one another, and since you'll be hearing it a lot as you practice, you want to make sure you choose a language you enjoy listening to. Search for videos on YouTube or listen to foreign radio or tv stations to hear different languages and get an idea of which ones you enjoy listening to. Do I Know Anyone Who Speaks These Languages? Perhaps you have grandparents who speak Japanese or a neighbor who speaks Spanish. Communicating with friends and family members in their native tongue can help strengthen your relationship with them along with giving you lots of speaking practice. How Similar Do I Want This Language to Be to English? Some languages, such as Mandarin and Arabic, can be more difficult and time-consuming to learn in the beginning because the way they look and sound is so different from English. Ask yourself if you'd prefer to try something completely new or if you would feel more comfortable sticking to a language closer to English such as Spanish, French, or German. You can do an internet search for "beginner lessons in [your language of interest]" to find free introductory lessons for any language and get a feel for what learning it would be like. Do I Want a Lot of Opportunities to Speak This Language? Is being able to easily practice your speaking skills outside the classroom important to you? If you’d like to have a lot of other speakers nearby, choose a more popular language like Spanish where many libraries, hospitals, etc. appreciate bilingual volunteers. If not, you can be open to less commonly used languages, such as Latin. The bottom line is that the way to stay interested in a language so that you study it for multiple years and get high grades like colleges want to see is to remember the big picture. Learning a new language is more than conjugating verbs and memorizing the gender of nouns. Knowing another language can introduce you to people and parts of the world you wouldn’t have experienced otherwise. Keep that in mind when deciding on a language and choose one whichwill hold your interest outside the classroom and encourage you to push your boundaries. What's Next? Thinking about whichother classes to take in high school? Take a look at our guides to choosing which math and science classes to take and start planning your schedule. Trying to decide whether to take the ACT or the SAT? Read our guide to figure out which test you'll score higher on! Are you considering summer academic programs for middle school and high school students? Learn about the SIG, CTY, and Stanford EPGY programs to see if one of them might be right for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Documentary Reflection assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Documentary Reflection - Assignment Example Such information is a prerequisite for them to make informed decisions about fracturing. Most products have the capability of causing defects to the endocrine system thus affecting development and reproduction in human and wildlife. Others are known to affect the skin, eyes, sensory organs, respiratory system, and liver. In addition, they have adverse effect on the general environment, soil, water, and air. As such, it is important to have fracturing contractors reveal full information about their products to the public. Natural gas manufacturer too, are obliged to reveal the chemical contents and effects of their products. However, a major drawback associated with this is that, most of them rely on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDA) for product information. Seemingly, it has been discovered that many MSDSs provide unreliable fragmented information. This therefore hinders the public access to full information about products and related chemicals. As a fact, the Chevron company should have full disclosure of its product and chemicals associated with fracturing and natural gas manufacturing may not only enable people to know about their adverse effects on health alone but may also enable them to be conversant with the air and water quality they consume. This is very significant in developing air and water quality monitoring protocols. Those living near natural gas development industries stand to benefit the most from such information. Besides all these, such information could be very important for the public to make decisions about the regulation of the fracturing and drilling activities. Thus, based on deep analysis of the movie, it can be concluded that the general public deserves to be informed about the effects of gas products from industries, fracturing and drilling industries in order to enlighten and make them take necessary
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Civic Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Civic Engagement - Essay Example Their main objective was to ensure that the voice of the public is heard and attended to. This forum was also intended to strengthen the weakening relationship between the public and the police department and therefore contribute to enhanced national security. This event had drawn large audience because in the previous day, John Diaz, who is the SPD Chief announced his intention to retire from the police service. Another speaker who took more time on the stage addressing the rising violence cases in the community was Captain Ron Wilson, East Precinct commander. General Matt Allen (a guest speaker) explained that the police department is committed to reaching out to the public at large by holding regional meeting purposely to address security issues and concerns of the public in general. In this event, the speaker noted with a lot of concern that club violence was no doubt a major thorn especially in those clubs along Pine and Pike, therefore given first priority over others issues of equal importance. Members of community were getting bothered by the frequency of what was known to be brawls outside the Grimes and the Woods on the 11Avenue. Llen recognized club violence as a complex issue and urged the members of the public to keep dialing 911 for security response. ... To this, John Diaz explained that there were legal policies regulating noise in residential places, but was only that the police department had not been informed of these new developments. However, he explained that the good news was that they was going to established a special police unit to address issues related to community peace as far as operation of night clubs is concerned. He went ahead to explain that the mandate of the proposed police force will be executed in a way that they will not affect business ventures. This implied that business must be executed with strictly compliance with the security policies. In this forum, club violence was a hot topic with the recent incidence at The Social being the reference point. Another issue that heavily criticized by the community was the manner at which the mentally challenged people in the society were treated. The community members in attendance claimed that they had recently witnessed a rise on the Capitol Hill. Concern this unjus t and unfair treatment of the disability member, the area police boss explained that those suffering from mental sickness or panhandling on the streets should not necessarily be locked up in prisons. In the mean time, this problem was addressed through the establishment of what was termed as the ‘Mobile Crisis Unit’ that served as medium term solution. Under this unit, the mentally challenged would be taken to good mental health centers where they would be treated instead of being locked up in caves. While emphasizing on this, Mr. Allen said that the mentally challenged personas do not deserve imprisonment but rather a reconnection with mental health physicians and facilities. While addressing delegates in this forum, Allen expressed hope that the East Precinct will
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory Assessment Essay Example for Free
The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory Assessment Essay The overall experience completing the LASSI student report was interesting one due to the difficulty associated with being completely honest with yourself. This is definitely something that I have found to be a re-occurrence throughout this course, however due to the nature of the questions in this particular section, it proved to be the daunting questionnaire this course has required yet. After finishing the student report, I was able to conclude that the nature of the questions and the honesty involved paid off because I found this resource to be the most reflective and also the most helpful in targeting the weaknesses in my academic skills. My lowest two scores were in anxiety and time management, and I feel very confident that these two are closely related. I do not have issues in learning the actual content of courses, rather my problems occur in not effectively allotting time to learn it which in turn causes the stress and the two together result in poor exam performance. In order to avoid these issues which result in extreme stress come exam time I need to set aside time to effectively plan and schedule time and techniques for completing assignments and studying, then follow through with the derived plan. In my opinion, the LASSI assessment is not too different from the barriers assessment we completed during the first week of this course. Both assessments take a slightly different approach from each other, however the objectives of both are very much identical. The two assessments are designed to help an individual identify issues that are potentially detrimental to their success in class. My results for LASSI had not surprised me at all as it nearly mirrored the results of my barriers assessment. Since both results agreed with each other I could also conclude that I made little to no errors in the assessments. According to LASSI, my largest problems are that I lack motivation, concentration and I have a poor ability to select main ideas from concepts. Im only fairly concerned with my focus and concentration during study. My computer is very likely the most contributing factor to this problem. Im a Computer Science major so its very essential that I work with a computer. My notes and assignments are often stored and finished in it as well. I have attempted some viable solutions like using a task scheduler application for my computer. I can give it instructions forcefully close-off anything that may become a distraction for me on the computer based on a schedule you assign it. You can even ask it to temporarily disable off your internet. This solution doesnt work very well for me because I lack self-control as well. I often opt-out of this because I can never bring myself to disable any of my entertainment. I just shrug it off and lie to myself that I can deal with the distractions while studying well. This itself I believe is my biggest concern.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Style of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB
â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†– the Style             Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in â€Å"The Social Criticism of a Public Man†state: â€Å"Beyond his remarkable sense of the past, which gives a genuine ring to the historical reconstructions, beyond his precise and simple style, which is in the great tradition of familiar narrative, the principal appeal of his work is in the quality of its allegory†(49). The style found in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†contains the features quoted in the above passage, as well as many others – which will be discussed in this essay.  The â€Å"precise†style mentioned by Bradley above may be the â€Å"detailed†style stated by Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography†; she says: â€Å"In his journal – a kind of artist’s sketchbook – he recorded twenty-five thousand words describing people and places in detail†based on two brief visits (18). The author’s attention to detail may be the reason that every word seems to be meaningful in his sentences. Can you discard any words from the opening sentence without sacrificing some meaning: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset, into the street of Salem village, but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife.† The reader can notice right away that Hawthorne writes in a well-read and cultivated style, avoiding the use of profanity, vulgar language, or words offensive to the ear. Consider his precise word selection from an enormous vocabulary:  They continued to walk onward, while the elder traveller exhorted his companion to make good speed and persevere in the path, discoursing so aptly, that his arguments seemed rather to spring up in the bosom of his auditor, than to be suggested by himself. As they went, he plucked a branch of maple, to serve for a walking-stick, and began to strip it of the twigs and little boughs, which were wet with evening dew  Even the most emotional outburst in the entire story does not contain any language remotely displeasing or uncultivated: "’Ha! ha! ha!’ roared Goodman Brown, when the wind laughed at him. "Let us hear which will laugh loudest! Think not to frighten me with your deviltry! Come witch, come wizard, come Indian powow, come devil himself! and here comes Goodman Brown. You may as well fear him as he fear you!’"
Monday, November 11, 2019
Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine
SEMIOTICS ASSIGNMENT The front cover of TIME magazine, issued on December 10, 2007 was taken before the start of the presidential campaign in America, and the man on the front cover is Barack Obama – who was a favourite at the time. The bias of the picture, the cover’s anchorage and the article altogether show that the underlying purpose of this magazine’s issue was to influence readers to side with TIME and vote for this man. This cover resembles a famous picture taken of Martin Luther King Junior and serves to link Obama with the American Civil-Rights hero in order to influence the reader’s position towards Obama.This cover can be seen as a metaphor of the rise of the African American in society, as well as politics. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation (Oxford dictionary) and will be used to unveil the hidden meaning behind this front cover. This is a picture of a black man in a suit, who is standing upright with h as his arms crossed. This man is neither smiling, nor is he frowning and is not looking directly at the camera. The background is multiple shadings of grey. The word â€Å"TIME†, as well as the anchorage is in white, and words â€Å"the contender†are in red.The outside rim of the magazine is also red, with a white border between the picture and the red rim. Obama’s suit gives off an impression that he is polished, prepared and serious. Obama’s suit also commands a sense of respect from the reader and a sense that he has etiquette as well as control. The man’s facial expression is neutral – which gives off the impression that he is stable, reliable and somewhat loyal. This is effective because one sees this control and presumes that this man is secure in who he is (he feels no need to make false pretences) and thus one can trust him with their vote in the coming presidential elections.The man’s upright posture illustrates a sense of s trength because he looks anchored and thus powerful. The man is not looking directly at the camera which enhances his seriousness and creates a sense of intrigue within the reader – one can’t help but wonder what this man is thinking of, and why he is thinking it. The man’s posture makes him appear courageous and determined to handle the responsibility of anything (i. e. the presidential campaign). Obama’s body language of firmly folded arms insinuates that he is being defensive, ready to take on a boxing fight.The fight will be the upcoming presidential campaign which includes the â€Å"attacks†that he will get from the public and media being in the race (for example the media will be negative and pointedly highlight his inadequate characteristics). Therefore by looking just beyond the camera, Obama appears to be aware of what is coming and prepared to face the coming battle like a courageous boxing hero. The shaded grey background highlights the man’s power and illuminates him in a god-like manner.The light surrounding the man results in the reader’s eyes being drawn directly to him, and gives the the impression that he is â€Å"the light†and is like an angel in the darkness. The magazine name, â€Å"TIME†, is in white in order to contrast the grey background and highlight the magazine’s name. The anchorage on the front cover enhances the overall message of a sense of polish and control. â€Å"TIME†is written in Times New Roman, an old-fashioned and serious style of writing – which corresponds to the pieces of writing within the magazine.The name of the magazine is also not fully displayed (Barack’s head is blocking the â€Å"M†of TIME) and this demonstrates the popularity of the magazine because the magazine is so well known that people can immediately recognise it, without even displaying its full name. It also highlights Obama’s importance and pres tige – the fact that the company are willing to be less recognised by their name is not an issue due to Obama’s great popularity and dominance, which will influence people to buy the magazine anyway because of him.TIME is in the colour white which makes it an arbitrary sign which represents goodness, peace and innocence. â€Å"The Contender†is also highlighted on the cover, and characterizes someone who is fighting for first place in a competition. Red attracts the reader’s eye to the title of the magazine’s issue, draws attention to the man’s face and highlights that he is in the running for something big. â€Å"The Contender†is in bold (which draws the reader’s attention to the words) and is in a very rich red – which is an arbitrary signifier that can represent passion, power and strength.This corresponds to the article’s position towards Obama which highlights his courage, ambition and dominance in the presi dential campaign. It is also interesting to note the publisher’s use of â€Å"the†instead of â€Å"a†because Obama is a contender for the presidency of America, and is joined by many other contenders. However, by replacing â€Å"a†with â€Å"the†the reader is positioned to view Obama as the one and only competitor in the campaign.This therefore influences the reader to believe that he is going to be the ultimate winner of the competition because all other opponents are forgotten and will pale in comparison to his lead in the competition. The article inside the magazine talks about Obama’s â€Å"pledge to practice a new kind of politics†and how he managed to get â€Å"more money from small donors than all the other Democratic candidates combined†(TIME). This extract shows the biased approach that the author of the magazine, as well as the director of the photography for the front cover took with regards to Obama’s p ortrayal as an American politician.The article purposefully highlights the massive power that Obama and his organization has in the lives of many Americans, and this is linked to the light in which he’s portrayed in on the front cover – a portrayal of power and dominance. The article also speaks about the other political campaigners who are opponents of Obama’s (such as Hilary Clinton, Dick Cheney and Don Rumsfeld) – however Obama portrayed to be in a more dominant position than them.For example: â€Å"Obama has also begun to sharpen one of his strongest arguments – that experience is not the same thing as judgement – for which Clinton has not yet found a rejoinder†. When reading the article, it is very apparent that the writer is clearly in favour of Obama and his political campaign. This bias is also seen through the light that Obama is portrayed in the picture – a dominant, powerful and superior light, a sign that he is supe rior to all the other â€Å"contenders†in the presidential campaign.One can’t help but question if this magazine company’s political reliability due to their bias when it comes to the governance of the country. It is also interesting to note that Obama, who used to practise Civil Rights Law, is positioned to resemble Martin Luther King junior. O’Shaughnessy and Stadler (2008) define intertextuality as the process of knowingly borrowing and referring to other texts or interpreting one text in the light of other related texts. As you can see from the very famous above image, TIME very skilfully resembles the Front cover to this picture of the American hero, Martin Luther King junior.King was a peaceful Civil Rights leader who also refused to conform to the political practices of the time and created a peaceful yet powerful movement that America had never seen before. King is known as an innocent, equality-driven leader who made a big difference in a small amount of time. King’s portrait is a medium sized picture of him in a suit with his arms folded where he is also not looking directly into the camera – much like the portrait of Obama.The likeness between these two pictures therefore makes the reader assume these same quality traits of King, to that of Obama – which then makes the reader regard Obama to be a hero who will lead the country into equality and greatness, much like King did. This picture highlights the growth of the African Americans in society as well as politics because Obama is portrayed in a dominant light, instead of the inferior light with which the African Americans were portrayed in the previous century.TIME’s target market is success-driven, intelligent men (and on the rare occasion women) who are involved in business and take an interest in politics. This is therefore a successful front cover because it addresses all of those fields – politics, business, current affairs etc. W hilst most people would say this was a boring front cover – when correlated with their target market, it is clearly effective in convincing their desired consumer to choose their magazine from the rest. Even though this cover is severely biased, it is valuable because of its link with Martin Luther King Jr. nd its emphasis of the rise of the African American in not only society –but also politics. REFERENCES: BarackObama. Biography. 2010. [O] Available: http://www. biography. com/people/barack-obama-12782369? page=4. Accessed on 25/03/2012 Oxford Dictionaries. 2012. [O] Available: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/semiotics? q=semiotics. Accessed on 27/03/2012 Tumulty, K. 2007. [O] Available: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1689203-2,00. html. Accessed on 28/03/2012
Saturday, November 9, 2019
P3 Unit 3
P3 Describe how Tesco uses market research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans. Market research: Is a big part of marketing, market research is when the company asks their customers or new customers to find out more about in the market in which they currently operate in or a market they wish to operate in. Companies may do this so they can reduce risk when bringing out new products. There are two types of research and two types of data. The first type is primary research.Primary Research is when the business or the worker conducts the research their self, therefore it is fresh data and it is current and applicable to their current market. Market research is conducted to gain a better knowledge of the market in which they operate in and to find out the wants and needs of the customers. Examples of this could be surveys, observations and interviews. Advantages of primary research are that it is brand new data in this current market and with current customers therefo re it is applicable to your business.The disadvantages of primary research is that it may take a long time Internal research could be when Tesco use past sales figures from with in the company and project them to find out cash forecasts or to analyse buying habits. This is internal as it about the business they work for not any other business. External primary can be used to this can be when Tesco can people who do not currently shop in Tesco or work in Tesco questions, they could also use Mystery shoppers as external primary as someone who isn't a stake holder in the business evaluates the business, this counts as research as they will find out about the branch they work in.Another of research type is Secondary research this is also known as desk research this is when the company uses published data which already exists, they do not need to go out and ask customers wants and needs, they can just use internet or books to find whatever they need to find out. This is the cheaper optio n. This will give the company a better view of the market however will not be exactly applicable to the business, secondary research can also be used when viewing a competitor, they can see their profits if they're a PLC company.External research can be sued in Tesco such as when they look at competitors (Sainsbury’s/ asda) sales figures or buying trends or growth figures. They may do this to see how their competitors are doing and see how much they're growing. Internal could be looking at past annual reports, this is internal secondary research as its has already been published and it is from Tesco’s. There are two types of Data type. Qualitative data is one type this is when the company uses questions which are open therefore they will gain true views and opinions of the customer. Examples of this could be interviews or observations.Qualitative data isn't easy to analyse or to put into graphs as it is someone’s opinion they may not be similar. Tesco can use th is by holding observations or interviews for customers, Tesco can use primary or secondary types as they can conduct the research by their self or they can use the internet to find out the answers which they require. In terms of Tesco they could have pressure groups, or observations to collect qualitative data. The other type of data is Quantitative data, these are figures and statistics which can be easily analyse and also be interpreted easily.If a large sample of people takes the questionnaire or survey then the more effective as there will be a better perception of the wants and needs of the customer. This can be easily put into graphs and be analysed. In terms of Tesco they can use this when their customers log into their club card account online, Tesco can track sales of a certain item, buying habits and they can target the customer directly by doing this. From this Tesco can do a sales forecast and help Tesco making decisions when buying stock.Reducing risk: Market research h elps company to reduce the risk when creating new products or buying more quantity’s of another product. Such as if they use the quantitative data e. g. buying habits. If Tesco see that one product is very popular they might choose to invest in a larger quantity. Limitations: When using market research there are some limitations such as money, time and validity. Money can play a big part when using market research as it could prove costly depending on the amount of research the business conducts.So if Tesco has 4-5 focus groups a long with interviews, then it would take a long time to do and it may prove expensive as one site has quoted ? 90 per person when using focus groups, if Tesco are going to do this mulitple times then it could prove costly. Marketing research: qualitative; x quantitative; x primary internal x/external research; x secondary internal x/ external research;uses x (reduce risk in decision making, measure progress over time); limitations (cost effectiveness , validity of data collected)
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) was one of the giants of modern astronomy and astrophysics in the 20th Century. His work connected the study of physics to the structure and evolution of stars and helped astronomers understand how stars live and die. Without his forward-thinking research, astronomers might have labored far longer to comprehend the basic nature of stellar processes that govern how all stars radiate heat to space, age, and how the most massive ones ultimately die. Chandra, as he was known, was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theories that explain the structure and evolution of stars. The orbiting Chandra X-Ray Observatory is also named in his honor. Early Life Chandra was born in Lahore, India on October 19th, 1910. At the time, India was still part of the British Empire. His father was a government service officer and his mother raised the family and spent much time translating literature into the Tamil language. Chandra was the third oldest of ten children and was educated at home until the age of twelve. After attending high school in Madras (where the family moved), he attended Presidency College, where he received his bachelors degree in physics. His honors standing afforded him a scholarship for graduate school to Cambridge in England, where he studied under such luminaries as P.A.M. Dirac. He also studied physics in Copenhagen during his graduate career. Chandrasekhar was awarded a Ph.D. from Cambridge in 1933 and was elected to a fellowship at Trinity College, working under astronomers Sir Arthur Eddington and E.A. Milne. Development of Stellar Theory Chandra developed much of his early idea about stellar theory while he was on his way to begin graduate school. He was fascinated with mathematics as well as physics, and immediately saw a way to model some important stellar characteristics using math. At the age of 19, onboard a sailing ship from India to England, he began thinking about what would happen if ​Einsteins theory of relativity could be applied to explain the processes at work inside stars and how they affect their evolution. He worked out calculations that showed how a star much more massive than the Sun would not simply burn up its fuel and cool, as astronomers of the time assumed. Instead, he used to physics to show that a very massive stellar object would actually collapse to a tiny dense point- the singularity of a black hole. In addition, he worked out whats called the Chandrasekhar Limit, which says that a star with a mass 1.4 times that of the Sun will almost certainly end its life in a supernova explosion . Stars many times this mass will collapse at the ends of their lives to form black holes. Anything less than that limit will stay a white dwarf forever. An Unexpected Rejection Chandras work was the first mathematical demonstration that such objects as black holes could form and exist and the first to explain how mass limits affected stellar structures. By all accounts, this was an amazing piece of mathematical and scientific detective work. However, when Chandra arrived at Cambridge, his ideas were soundly rejected by Eddington and others. Some have suggested that endemic racism played a role in the way Chandra was treated by the better-known and apparently egotistical older man, who had somewhat contradictory ideas about the structure of stars. It took many years before Chandras theoretical work was accepted, and he actually had to leave England for the more accepting intellectual climate of the United States. Several times after that, he mentioned the overt racism he faced as a motivation for moving forward in a new country where his research could be accepted regardless of his skin color. Eventually, Eddington and Chandra parted cordially, despite the o lder mans previous disdainful treatment. Chandras Life in America Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar arrived in the U.S. at the invitation of the University of Chicago and took up a research and teaching post there that he held for the rest of his life. He plunged into studies of a subject called radiative transfer, which explains how radiation moves through matter such as the layers of a star such as the Sun). He then worked on extending his work on massive stars. Nearly forty years after he first proposed his ideas about white dwarfs (the massive remains of collapsed stars) black holes and the Chandrasekhar Limit, his work was finally widely accepted by astronomers. He went on to win the Dannie Heineman prize for his work in 1974, followed by the Nobel Prize in 1983. Chandras Contributions to Astronomy Upon his arrival in the United States in 1937, Chandra worked at the nearby Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin. He eventually joined NASAs Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) at the University, where he mentored a number of graduate students. He also pursued his research into such varied areas as stellar evolution, followed by a deep dive into stellar dynamics, ideas about Brownian motion (the random motion of particles in a fluid), radiative transfer (the transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation), quantum theory, all the way to studies of black holes and gravitational waves late in his career. During World War II, Chandra worked for the Ballistic Research Laboratory in Maryland, where he was also invited to join the Manhattan Project by Robert Oppenheimer. His security clearance took too long to process, and he was never involved with that work. Later in his career, Chandra edited one of the most prestigious journals in astronomy, the Astrophysical Journal. He never worked at another university, preferring to stay at the University of Chicago, where he was Morton D. Hull Distinguished Professor in astronomy and astrophysics. He retained emeritus status in 1985 after his retirement. He also created a translation of Sir Isaac Newtons book Principia that he hoped would appeal to regular readers. The work, Newtons Principia for the Common Reader, was published just before his death. Personal Life Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was married to Lalitha Doraiswamy in 1936. The couple met during their undergraduate years in Madras. He was the nephew of the great Indian physicist C.V. Raman (who developed the theories of light scattering in a medium that carry his name). After emigrating to the United States, Chandra and his wife became citizens in 1953. Chandra wasnt just a world leader in astronomy and astrophysics; he was also devoted to literature and the arts. In particular, he was an ardent student of western classical music. He often lectured on the relationship between the arts and the sciences and in 1987, compiled his lectures into a book called Truth and Beauty: the Aesthetics and Motivations in Science, focused on the confluence of the two topics. Chandra died in 1995 in Chicago after suffering a heart attack. Upon his death, he was saluted by astronomers around the world, all of whom have used his work to further their understanding of the mechanics and evolution of stars in the universe. Accolades Over the course of his career, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won many awards for his advancements in astronomy. In addition to those mentioned, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1944, was given the Bruce Medal in 1952, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Henry Draper Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and the Humboldt Prize. His Nobel Prize winnings were donated by his late widow to the University of Chicago to create a fellowship in his name.
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Analyzing The Outsider An Metamorphosis English Literature Essay
Analyzing The Outsider An Metamorphosis English Literature Essay In The Outsider by Albert Camus and The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, both authors utilize the protagonist’s distinct characteristic and central theme to evoke sympathy in the readers for Gregor Samsa and Meursault, which will be explored in a deeper context in the essay. Both protagonists have their own characters which defines them as a person. Readers will be replete with sympathy knowing that the protagonists’ misfortunes were a result of their characters. Themes are used to express ideas and are employed by authors as a literary device to bring forth basic elements in any story. The main theme in both books bring into light the more significant context of what the story focuses on, hence drawing the readers closer to presiding events which affects the protagonist, and ultimately brings forth the sympathy we feel. When Meursault kills an Arab he is adjudicated not for his murder, but for â€Å"burying his mother like a heartless criminal†(p93) after discove ring he was enjoying and having fun on the day after his mother’s death. As it is common for people to mourn for the loss of a loved one, the lack of concern he has towards his mother’s death differ from the social norms. Meursault was punished for his insensitivity as the Prosecutor talked about Meursault’s attitude towards his mother â€Å"much longer†(p98) than â€Å"about his crime†(p98). He was tried for not expressing regrets or showing emotions during the trial simply because he did not feel any of it, staying truthful throughout even if it affected his fate. Therefore, this elicits sympathy in readers as he in incapable of relating to others, conveying how his nonchalance led to his downfall as the trial placed a sole focus on his character instead of the crime he committed. In The Metamorphosis, Gregor’s altruistic character is illustrated from the very beginning of the novella, portraying how he hates his â€Å"grueling job†(p3) as a travelling salesman, experiencing the â€Å"torture of travelling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours†(p4) when he actually desired to quit a long time ago. Yet, Gregor only has his job in mind as he has no intention of letting his family down. More notably, despite his sufferings he sacrifices his time and freedom of choice profusely by continuing with his job which he loathes so much just to provide his family with â€Å"such a life in so nice an apartment†(p21) and to pay off his parents’ debt. Sadly, when he transforms into a vermin, his family repays his devotion by neglecting him, and â€Å"swallow their disgust and endure him†(p38). His family feels the need put up with the revolting sight of Gregor and bear with his vermin form, thus exposing their ungratefulness. Gregor is no longer of any use â€Å"since his transformation forces him to stay in his room† [ 1 ]  He eventually dies from the guilt of burdening his family because of his inability to provide for them and also because he lost his final link to his family- Grete, his sister and closest family member-when she agrees Gregor is burdensome. Hence, we sympathize for him as Gregor is neither thanked nor appreciated for his selfless acts, but instead shunned by his family- his natural source of love and support.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2
Position Paper - Essay Example FedEx is currently amongst the top courier service providers of the world and is growing in terms of revenue generation, market share and penetration in new markets. However there are possible chances of slowing the success path of FedEx. As FedEx is too much dependent upon US market so therefore chances of slowing down is possible moreover the current situation of the world is one another reason to add in this regard. Similarly besides these issues the company has very much scope in terms of generating more income by expanding and reaching new markets. One possible opportunity is in the Asian market. As currently many Asian countries are growing. So they rely too much on imports and exports therefore FedEx has a great opportunity in reaching and capturing those markets by using experience and brand name. Another important development in terms of revenue generation is online shopping. If FedEx is likely to hold its growth online shopping should be dealt with utter care. New plans should be formulated, techniques should be devised as online shopping is likely to change shopping trends in most of the developing countries. Different schemes should be launched so that masses can be attracted. Furthermore the role of competitors new and old will always be a threat for FedEx. In most cases new companies have nothing to lose so they usually lower their price in order to gain market share. Therefore FedEx should try to offer competing prices in order to wipe out these companies from challenging FedEx. This can be done with ease as FedEx has enough revenue to hold market and to lower prices as well. The future of FedEx is split between opportunities and threats. Therefore the role of management will be crucial because proper planning can give FedEx billions and one wrong step can lead them towards catastrophic
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)