The Role of Woman in The Odyssey - 1240 Words

Although â€Å"The Odyssey† by the Greek poet Homer is very much an epic tale of a man’s heroic quest, women play an incredibly large role. Homer’s epic tale, â€Å"The Odyssey† revolves around Ulysses’ quest to return back to his wife, Penelope, so that he may be reunited with her and assume control over his palace, which has been overrun by suitors. Ulysses’ son, Telemachus attempts to regain authority in the presence of the many suitors but finds this difficult and embarks upon his own journey under the guidance of Athena and other deities. The main thrust of Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† centers upon the adventures of Homer as he endeavors to get back home, which he finally does. He overtakes the suitors through his cunning and the tale ends happily.†¦show more content†¦While mourning for her husband (which the reader can only assume is sincere) Penelope is also leading on these suitors in order to gain material objec ts. She promises that she will marry one of them once she finishes her sewing her wedding veil, but each night she destroys the previous night’s work so that the task will never be accomplished. Even if she is using this ruse to attain riches, the fact remains that she is still acting as a seductress. She is very much like a Siren, typical of those present in Book XI, always singing out to encourage men but not intending to fulfill any promise of love or sex. Penelope presents both sides of the two distinct divisions of women characters in the text. Although the Sirens and Circe represent the ultimate seductress, it is important to notice the way the story of Agamemnon and Clymenestra reappears in the text. This is a legend told about how the strong female character Clymenestra was, much like Penelope, dogged by suitors in her husband’s absence, the only difference being that Clymenestra gives over the temptation of one suitor in particular and she and this new lover p lot to kill Agamemnon upon his glorious return. The description of Clymenestra almost seems to echo Penelope’s situation as Ulysses is told the story. â€Å"At first she would haveShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesshowed different kinds of human interactions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in AncientRead MoreThe Odyssey, by Homer Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesHomer’s Odyssey was written around 700 BC. During this time there was major social and economic change, which brought the development of new cities, as well as new laws to govern them. Political rights and citizenship in Greek society truly defined the roles of women in this time period. All of the laws governing the population of Greece were not only written by men, but also enforced by men. Homer’s Odyssey is the product of a society in which men played the dominant role. Women were held atRead MoreHelen Of The And The Odyssey1342 Words   |  6 Pagesnarrator is constantly trying to fit her into the box created the legacy of Helen of Tory/Odyssey. However, Helen of Omeros’ strong will and personality and overall uniqueness is still able to shine through, despite the narrator’s biases, and we are able to see the individual differences b etween the two women and their connection to the evolution of Helen throughout history. We only catch a glimpse of Helen in the Odyssey, but Helen in Walcott’s Omeros is portrayed much deeper. The word/name Helen, in generalRead MoreWomen in the Odyssey1646 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, however their role and importance to its function are often times overlooked. Society is/was organized and directed by men. All of the most important positions and purposes within it`s routine were filled by males. This societal organization is often times reflected in many pieces of literature of various time periods, however there are texts in which contrary to the patriarchal society models, women are given substantial importance within the plot. Homer`s The Odyssey, Heart of Darnkness byRead MoreThe Changing Roles of Women in Literature from Late 8th Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D.683 Words   |  3 PagesThe Changing Roles of Women in Literature from Late 8th Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D. The changing role of women in literature from the late 8th century B. C. to the 4th century A. D. is evident in that women become even more subservient in later works. This is portrayed in the works The Odyssey by Homer and Sakuntala by Kalidasa. Women are treated more like slaves in Sakuntala, while they are seen more like equals in The Odyssey. However, in Sakuntala, women are given more responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Penelopiad Analysis958 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel ‘The Odyssey’ . In an interview, Atwood explained her beliefs on the gender roles surround The Odyssey thus incorporating this as well as other materials into ‘The Penelopiad’ by stating: â€Å"There is an argument that has been made quite thoroughly that The Iliad and The Odyssey were written by two different people, and that the person who wrote The Odyssey was a woman.’ Atwood then carries on to explain her argument stating how several people have made the argument of how ‘The Odyssey’ was writtenRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer has different portrayals of the roles that women play in each epic. These differences are so striking that some readers have even argued that there is a possibility that a woman could have created The Odyssey, modeled after Homer’s Iliad. In The Iliad we see women represented as war prizes and slaves, vulnerabilities to men, and in positions of limited power. In The Odyssey however, we see women capturing men and keeping them as prizes, rising from a status ofRead More Penelope, Clytaemestra, Athena, and Helen of Homer’s Odyssey1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ideal Women of Homer’s Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient Greek society treated women as secondary citizens. Restrictions were placed on the social and domestic actions of many aristocratic women in ancient Athens.   The women depicted in Homers Odyssey, on the other hand, are the ideal.   Penelope, Clytaemestra, Athena, and Helen are all women with exceptional liberty and power.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before comparing the women of the Odyssey to those of Athens, it is beneficial to take a look into the livesRead MoreEssay about The Odyssey - Gender Roles893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Odyssey is the product of a society in which the dominant role was played by men. In ancient Greece, just as in the whole of the ancient world, and in America and Western Europe until the last century, women occupied a subservient position. Society was organized and directed by men, and all of the most important enterprises were those which men arranged and implemented. Women were valued, but they participated in the affairs of the world only when they had the tacit or open approval and permissionRead More The Role of Women in Ancient Greece as Depicted in Homer’s The Odyssey897 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Women in Ancient Greece as Depicted in Homer’s The Odyssey Women as Citizens For this informative report I will attempt to point out the roles women and how they are viewed in ancient Greece. I will then show how these views are present in Homer’s The Odyssey. How are women, goddess or mortal, conveyed in The Odyssey? The Odyssey was written around 700 BC during the Archaic period (750 – 550 BC). This was a time of great economical and social change in Greek history due

Leadership Characteristics Free Essays

string(89) " Since there is no enough room, the report will investigate the transformational theory\." Leadership Characteristics Executive summary: Since early beginning of the last century, the leadership has emerged as an important issue in the business regard of the dramatic transformation in the world economy. Thus far, the following report represents an attempt to shed the light on the leadership issue. In order to provide a hint of the leadership meaning, the report will demonstrate brief idea about some of the leadership theories which perceive the leadership skills form different view. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Characteristics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The report then will identify certain characteristics that should be attained in the personality of the leader which ensure his successful. The requisite of the contemporary leadership skills has appeared at the latter part of twentieth century, regard of the globalisation phenomenon as well the rapid development in technology; which resulted in the increase of the competition. As the knowledge does not stop, leaders require training and development, thus, the report will also investigate the process of leadership development. 1Chapter One: Introduction: Throughout the last century and insofar the 21st century, the mankind has undergone dramatic transformation in the whole domains, and the individuals needs and requirements significantly expended, however, many people managed to maintain successfully their life and obtained the benefit of this change, while others could not cope with this change, which resulted with dissatisfaction and pessimistic view of the life. Significant amount of researches and investigations have been done in order to identify such a pattern or a process that can raise the performance of human beings, thus the concept of leadership appeared as a critical requisite for any entity, including an individuals, family, organisations or even countries. In the early part of 20th century, ‘Freud (1927) in his famous book the Civilisation and It Discontents, he approached the leadership issue when he said that groups of individuals need leaders to provide them with an identity and sense of purpose’ (Higgs, 2003) With the rapid transformation in the world, the competition has become more aggrieve, and organisations urged to deal with this rapid change and the continue development has become an urgent need for the company prosper and survive. Hence, Leadership issue was put under the limelight as an important process for the company sustainability. Although there have been momentous efforts devoted to investigate the leadership issue including theories, definitions and identification for its characteristics, till now there is no complete agreement about the notion of leadership, since these different suggestions and concepts approached the leadership from different perspectives. The following report embodies an attempt to shed the light on the leadership issues, throughout quick review of the leadership theories, and examine the leadership characterises in both the 20th and the 21st century, before dissect the reflection of the personal-experience on the leadership characteristics Chapter Two: Leadership Theories: Due to the importance of the leadership issue, many theories have been emerged throughout the time, each theory tackles with the leadership from different perspectives and aspects, and one can not determine whether this theory right and others are wrong; however the main theories of the leadership are: †¢Trait Th eory: this theory defines specific characteristics which are existed in the successful leadership such as attitudes, personality, intelligence and decisiveness, regardless of any consideration of other assisted factors such as team work and the internal and external work environment. However, there are two criticisms for this theory. â€Å"The first, it doesn’t specify what the most important leadership characteristics are, and the second, it ignores the contribution of the others. † (Dessler, 1976) †¢Behavioural Theory: it approaches the leadership from another perspectives, it dissects the achievement of leaders and the outcomes of their contributions within the organisations. The remarkable differences between the trait and behavioural theory are that the last one emphasises on oth the accomplishment of the task as the main indications for the leader success, and employees’ satisfaction, †¢Situational leadership: According to this theory, the effectiveness of the leader is significantly correlated with situational factors which restrict the performance of the leader positively or negatively. In other words, â€Å"the efficiency of leader’s skills or traits are determined by the situation in which leaders exercise leadersh ip† (Dessler,1976), These factors are: -Follower’s contributions. The availability and the utilization of the resources. However, creating the harmonisation and the collaboration between the situational factors and the leader are essential to determine leader’s effectiveness. †¢Contingency Theories: basically, the assumption of this theory, that the behaviour of the leader can not be standardised, instead, the leader should consider situational factors. The success of the leader in this theory is measured by the ability of leader to adopt such a style to achieve certain task with a consideration to the followers. This theory was the beginning of new view of leadership; based on this assumption other contingency theories were emerged such as, Fiedler’s concept of situational favourability (1967), which defined position power, task structure and leader-member relation, as the main factors that determine the effectiveness of the leader’s style. Path-goal is another theory (House and Mitchell 1974) which assumes that the leader has a significant contribution on the follower to enable them to achieve their objectives. Horner, 1997) †¢Transactional theories: it assumes that since the task and responsibilities have been identified, the leader has a full right to do whatever it requires to achieve this task. This theory depends on praise and rewards as motivation system for followers, meanwhile, punishment is used to ensure the abidance by the roles and the request of the task. However, this theory is criticised as it assumes the behaviour of a human being is predictable without an y consideration of the reflection of the environment. Transformational theories: this theory depends on the development of the vision and convinces the follower, in other words, the leader adopts the visions and does whatever it requires to encourage followers. In this case the leader will become an inspiration for followers and they create their relationship with them depending on trust. As it is clearly perceived, those theories tackle with the leadership from different perspectives. Since there is no enough room, the report will investigate the transformational theory. You read "Leadership Characteristics" in category "Essay examples" Transformational Theory: This theory was generated under assumption of people follow a person who has vision and passion. He or she will inspire them to achieve the goal. Transformational leadership is the modern view of leadership that seems to match with the style of business leader in 21st century since the business competition; turbulence, unforeseen contingencies, and rapid change in technologies create such a momentous stress. Under this stress, the need for transformational leaders who are proactive is emerged as an important requisite to help follower to cope with the dramatic change. (Bass, 1997) The characteristic of transformational leaders is mainly embodied by their charisma; they inspire followers by their innovation and ability to create change. However, the success of charismatic leader is through a belief in themselves rather than others, while transformational leaders concern with other around them such as colleagues and employees. They are not narcissistic as charismatic. This style of leader will create an important transformation to both organisation and employees. Moreover, it may impact the strategy and the structure of the organisation. The power of transformational leader is not derived by the reward system or rules and regulation, yet it is obtained from an intangible value such as their visions and the relationship among others. Draft, 2002) According to Tichy and Devanna (Lussier, 1996), there are three main activities for transformational leadership. Recognition for the need of revitalisation: leaders should understand the urgent need of the organisation for transformation, in order to create such a sustainable resource of competitive advantage to maintain the company success in such a competitive environment. Creating a new vision: by having visualise in innovation and organisation changed, leader will be able to inspire and motivate others to reach the objectives. Institutionalising change: it is essential for transformational leaders to put an effort to convince others. Leaders need to advise and create trust among employees in the organisation in order to let them understand the idea of vision and reach the goal. The style of transformational leadership tends to match with the business world today since it is flexible and innovator. In addition, there are many business articles mentioned that workforce is the most important resource for organisation. Thus, this type of leadership takes into consideration of both business activity and relationship within organisation. These two factors pave the passage of the company success. There are several distinctions between those theories; nevertheless, they agree that there are certain characteristics should be attained in the leader to ensure the efficiency of his contribution. 3Chapter Three: Leadership Characteristics: 3. 1Leadership Definition: As there are many theories approached the leadership, there are also many definitions have been suggested for the leadership, some authors identify the leadership as a process to achieve groups/ organisations goals, others see the notion of leadership as trait, transformation or even as management. However, the definition of leadership by Rost (1993) can be used to dissect this notion (8). He defines the leadership as an influence relationship among leader and followers who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes. According to Rost, leadership is: †¢Influence Relationship: the influence will be in both directions top-bottom and bottom-top. †¢Intend real changes: it means leadership includes substantial development in both leaders and followers. †¢Mutual purposes: both leader and followers agree about certain purposes which can be considered as missions or statements. . 2Leadership Characteristics: There is a view argues that leaders are born and other say it is a science can be taught, both of those views did not describe leadership accurately, â€Å"leadership is an art to be studied, practised, developed and lived. † (Scott, 1996) There are certain characteristics that determine the effectiveness of leadership and shape the performance of leaders: 1. Communicative: the importance of this skill, that it provides the leader with an ability to deliver precisely the ideas, visions and objectives required to be achieved. However, it is crucial to understand that the communications include the flow of data and information in two sides, top-bottom and bottom-top. Leaders have to consider sharing the ideas and unleash the contribution of employees, since occasionally, employees come up with innovative suggestions that might enhance or develop certain objectives. 2. Rewards and recognizes achievement: express the appreciation for others efforts, has a vital role as a motivation. Leaders could achieve that by financial rewards or even by praise the follower. Sometime simple gestures such as approving nod, thumbs- up or even quick comment like ‘great job’, ‘you are doing well’ is enough to encourage followers to improve their performance and productivity. 3. Genuine interest in others: it is undeniable fact that financial rewards have a significant influence on followers; meanwhile, there are other motivations that should be attained. The leader should recognise the emotional support for followers since it creates loyalty. Genuine interest does not require a lot of efforts; it might be expressed by asking about the personal health or family. For instance, in the company that I used to work, the owner asks employees about their general life before he asked about any other thing related to the work, this simple action was enough to motivate employees to work as they own the company. 4. Team orientation: the successful leader takes into account the importance of team-work; he gathers the followers and discusses with them the task or the missions. The leader listens to their opinion, stimulates their innovation, and finally creates the harmony required to achieve the task. This gives employees more responsibility to improve their performance and productivity since they have significant role as decision- makers. 5. Visionary and idea-oriented: the long-term objectives are vital issue in the successful leadership agenda; he always seeks for new ideas and creativity. They consider the available competitive advantages and establish the stream of substantial competitive advantages. When Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum (Dubai’s ruler) unveiled the growth strategy of 2015, it was unsurprising for many economists that the city had met its 2010 GDP target two years ago. Many people argue that Dubai is only a bubble and it would diminish after it consumes its oil. However, this completely untrue, nowadays, 74% of emirits GDP derives from real-estate, tourism and retail sectors (Kerr, 2007). The rapid strides of the development of Dubai is referred to the log-term successful visions of it rulers, and his ability to create new competitive advantages for the country instead of the oil. Similar to that in the business world, â€Å"Henry Ford by his long term vision as well as rational risk calculated he managed to predict the market and customer trend and made Ford on of the most successful organisation. † (Grint, 2000) 6. Decisiveness, responsibility and Integrity: although, it has been mentioned that followers should be involved in decision-making process, the leader is still the ultimate decision-maker depending on the ability to consider the right decision in the proper time. Since a decision has been made, the leader is completely responsible for the consequences of any possible risk, even if the leader is involved directly in the execution. Integrity is also very important, â€Å"leaders do not use followers as means to achieve their purpose in satisfying the shareholder; instead, they understand that their contribution should consider the whole stakeholders. † (Bowie et al, 2000) 7. Competence: the word of competence derives from innovation, training and development, accumulated experience, and the ability of the leader to learn. Since the leadership is an art, leaders have to consider the importance of shaping and the development of their skills; this should be attained by substantial willing for knowledge and self-development. Those characteristics are very important to be attained by the leaders because they have crucial impact on the effectiveness of leadership, moreover, the effective leaders manage to create synergy between their followers, and loyalty required for achieving certain objectives and tasks. 4Chapter Four: Leadership in the 21st Century: Since the latter part of twentieth century the world has witnessed dramatic change in the whole domains, â€Å"due to the rapid strides of technologies development, the spread of the globalisation phenomenon, demographic shifts, migration and the rapid degradation of social and natural capital – are creating opposing tensions. † (Connor et al, 2003, P. 59). Taking into account those challenges, the demand of leadership has been increased noticeably with an urgent requisite of organisations for framework that tates the new criteria of leadership. Some of these are an expansion for the previous characteristics of leadership and others are new, however, those could be summarised as: †¢Understanding the Culture Diversity: although the geographical barriers have been eliminated, the cultural barriers are still an enormous challenge for businesses. Leaders should be aware that doing business is different from nation to nation, and it is completely restricted by the natio nal traditions and habits. For instant: In the USA, Innovations and achievements are considered as individual effort, hence, the influence of the individual recognition will be obvious in Human Resource Management of the American firms, individual reward system, appraisal and even in the job designed. While in China the individual efforts and innovations are referred to the founder of the firm. In Chinese tradition the achievement are always referred to the collective units such as families, organisations, and the country. (Tsang, 2007) The misunderstanding in the communication is another consequence of the lack of culture appreciation. Many conflicts were occurred, contracts were rejected and negotiations failed at the last stage because of the lack of communication with other culture. Thus far, the comprehensive understanding for influence of the culture on business is vital, because the world has become more united under the umbrella of globalisation. †¢Strategic thinking: An organisation can not be considered as an individual entity, instead it is influenced by external factors, such as competitors, suppliers, customers, critical financers and fluctuation in the market demand. From this view the needs of substantial change in the corporate strategy emerges as an important requisite to enable the company to cope with change of the business environment. However, â€Å"the ways-of-thinking of the leader have continues impact on corporate reorientation. † (Hendry et al,1993). However, it is important to understand that strategic thinking is different from the strategic planning, â€Å"Mintzberg argues that strategic planning derives from strategic thinking† (Bonn, 2001, P63). The first aspect of the strategic thinking is observation and company knowledge. The leader observes the company daily life with its complexity and understands the drivers of the organisation performance and the influence of the external factors on this performance. The second aspect of the strategic thinking is creativity; it is the core of strategic thinking. The leader seeks the substantial development for his organisation; he identifies solutions for the company problems and creates vision which will determine the future of firm. Thereafter, the strategic thinking of the leader establishes the implementation required to achieve the company vision. Sharing vision with others is another significant element for the strategic thinking successful, since it generates loyalty and encourage them because they participate in decision-making process. Jeffery Bezos the founder of Amazon is considered as an important example of a successful leader, in such a high competitive business sector like the online, where other companies struggle to cope with the rapid stride of technology, Amazon imposes itself as the leader of the online industries and especially the e- retailers, there is no doubt that the strategic thinking of Bezos is an ultimate key of the Amazon success. Bezos always has one eye on the future, in order to build the company long term objectives, however, his strategic thinking embodies by creating the Amazon vision and establishing the strategy needed to achieve the company objectives. Innovation is one of most important aspect of Bezos strategic thinking, since Amazon invests huge amount of money to provide the world with amazing technologies such as Elastic Compute Cloud (ECC) to ensure that the company is still the leader of the dot-com race. Hof, 2006) Whenever the world doubts, if Amazon can fulfil its promise to revolutionise retailing, Bezos wonders the people with such an innovative idea to reinforce Amazon position as being the e-retailer leader. With his strategic thinking as well as his creative working-team, Amazon never stops building its substantial competitive advantages. Humanistic awareness: as workforce constitutes the most value asset of the firm, the leader has significant responsibility to ensure their satisfactio n; considerable motivation system, training and development, praise, empowerment, participation in decision-making process are samples to obtain employees satisfaction. Since they have impact on employees’ productivity and innovation. However, employees’ retention reflects the level of their satisfaction, and appreciation for company leader. Learning and self-awareness: the leader has to have a profound knowledge about his organisation to be able to recognise its capability in order to create the vision and framework and means needed to achieve this vision, moreover, the successful leader is knowledge seeker to cope with rapid change in the business world. Self-awareness is another issue that leaders should take into consideration; they distinguish their weaknesses and strengths, and use the last one to eliminate the weaknesses to improve the effectiveness of their leadership. Hence, leaders empower their ability to inspire and unite employees around themselves to maintain the company performance. 5Chapter Five: Leadership Development: The increase of the competition in the business world urges organisations to search more for competitive advantages in order to be able to survive and conquer their competitors in such a hostile business environment. Nowadays organisations eventually start to concern about leadership development and devote tangible efforts to improve efficiencies of its individuals. However, the leadership development program should be prepared comprehensively in order to attain its purpose. The 360 degree appraisal system is an important step to initiate this program, since it provides feedback about the employee performance from different resources which helps to determine the improvement required regard to his strengths and weaknesses. (Ladyshewsky, 2007). Thereafter, the priority of the leadership development will be for the higher level managers, regard to their expected contribution on their subordinates, yet the improvement of the subordinate should be in the leadership development agenda. The leadership development program should cover the weakness of the employees that has listed in the 360 degree appraisal; meanwhile, it should depend on modern techniques and case studies from other companies, rather than depending on the literatures and theories only. The final step in the leadership development program is the evaluation which derived from many criteria, such as the feedback of the program, the examination of the participant’s understanding, and the tangible outcomes that the company will acquire which is the decisive for the program evaluation. Leskiw et al, 2007) However, there is another view should be deemed in the issue of leadership development, individuals perseverance is ultimate criteria for development, leader should have enough credibility to admit there weaknesses and finds the appropriate strategy to mitigate the impact of this weakness, moreover, the leader should be knowledge seeker to obtain the benefit of the others experience. 6Chapter Eigh t: Conclusion: The leadership an old requisite in the human beings life, nevertheless, it has become a considerable obsession for the organisations, regard to the substantial transformation in the world business. Although the theories of the leadership are different, they agree that there are several characteristic that should be attain by a person in order to be such a successful leader. Most of the leadership theories concern about the characteristic needed to reinforce two main things, creating competitive advantages and the workforce. As the workforce is the most important asset for the firm, the leader should consider employee alignment around the company objectives throughout the leader humanistic consideration as followers need inspiration, different kind of motivation in order to enhance their performance. Meanwhile, the leader should eventually find the resource of the competitive advantages. Due to the dissemination of the globalisation phenomenon as well as the rapid development in technology, organisations require new leadership characteristic to cope with change in the business environment. However, the new leadership characteristics have emerged from the need for crossing the culture barriers, since it is an enormous obstacle for organisation. Creating the long-term planning depends on the strategic thinking of the leader to identify new vision for the company. The increase in the world competition is accomplished with raise of the leadership demand, thus far organisations should invest considerably in improving their leadership capability, since the world development will never stop. References Bass, B. M. , (1998), Stress and Transactional-Transformational Leadership, Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Bonn, I. , (2001) Developing Strategic Thinking as a Core Competency, Management Decision, Vol. 39, No. , pp. 63-71 Bowie, N and Elmer, L. , (2000), Kantian Theory of Leadership, Leadership organisation Development Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 185-193 Connor, R. and Mackenzie-Smith, P. (2003), The Leadership Jigsaw -finding the Missing Piece, Business Strategy Review, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp 59-66 Dessler, G. , (1976) Leadership and Supervision, Organisation and Management: Contingency Approach, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Publication. Draft, R. L. , (2002), Management, 6th Ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Publication. Grint, K. (2000), Henry Ford: The Blind Business Visionary, The Arts of Leadership, Oxford: Oxford University Press Hendry, J (ed) and Johnson, G (ed) with Newton, J (1993), Strategic Thinking: Leadership and the Management of Change, England: John Wiley Publication Higgs, M. , (2003) How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century? , Leadership organisation Development Journal, Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 273-284 Hof, R. D. , (13/10/2006), Jeff Bezos’ Risky Bet, Business week magazine [Online]. Available from Business week: http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_46/b4009001. tm Accessed (20/04/2007)) Horner, M. , (1997) Leadership Theory: Past, Present and Future, Team Performance Management, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 270-287 Kerr, S. , (24/07/2007), Emirate Sets its Sights on Trebled GDP by 2015, The Financial Times. Economy, pp. 2 Ladyshewsky, K. R, () A Strategic Approach for Integrating Theory to Practice in Leadership Dev elopment, Leadership Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 426-443 Leskiw, S and Singh, P. , (2007), Leadedrship Development: Learning from Best Practices, Leadership Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 444-464 Lussier, R. N. , (1996), Human relations in organizations: A skill-building approach. 2nd Ed. Chicago, IL: Irwin, Inc Rost, J. C, (1993), Leadership definition, Leadership for the Twenty-First Century, London: Praeger Publication. Scott , E. D. and Kleiner, B. H, (1996), Good? Leadership, Management Development Review, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 30-33 Tsang, D. , (2007), Leadership, National Culture and Performance Management in The Chinese Software Industry, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 270-284 How to cite Leadership Characteristics, Essay examples

Discuss the Images In Sympathy That Reveal The Pain Of Slavery free essay sample

When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass, Alliteration used twice using the letters W and S. I know why the caged bird beats his wing Till its blood is red on the cruel bars The poet is using imagery and a rather painful one by describing the bars of the cage covered with the bird’s red blood which is describe the struggle the bird is going through to be free. For he must fly back to his perch and cling When he fain would be on the bough a-swing The poet describing why he must get out the bird must fly back to where he belongs to the tree branch where he will be happy and he will start swinging on the branch. And a pain still throbs in the old , old scars And they pulse again with a keener sting I know why he beats his wing! The poet tells us that it is not the first time that he beats his wings against the bars, Because there is pain pounds in his old scares. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Images In Sympathy That Reveal The Pain Of Slavery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore, When he beats his bars and he would be free The poet uses alliterations here with the letters w and b. He wants the reader to pay more attention to what the bird is going through and the fact that his wing his bruised when he beats the bars trying to be free. It is not a carol of joy or glee, But a prayer that he sends from his heart’s deep core, But a plea, that upward to heaven he flings A metaphor is used to describe the imprisoned bird which is comparing him with a human being that prays and unlike every other bird he does not sing he prays from his heart and requests for freedom and this metaphor is used to show how strongly the bird feels about wanting and needing his freedom.

The Leopard an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

The Leopard by Expert Prof. Akademia | 27 Dec 2016 Introduction: Need essay sample on "The Leopard" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Risorgimento or also known as the Revival or the Italian Unification, is the nineteenth century revolutionary movement, which joined different region of Italy into one peninsula. This period is assumed to have begun with the arrival f Napoleon and the end of Franco Prussian War in 1815. It was basically a socio political movement which formulated todays Kingdom of Italy. This time span was filled with artistic and literally forms of nationalism which spread the spirit of unification through out the peninsula like fire, who promoted the idea of free, independent and a republic Italy, with Rome as its capital. The Leopard: The life of Sicily during the Risorgimento is very tactfully and vividly explained by the famous Italian novelist, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, in his famous novel, Il Gattopardo, first published in 1958, and was later translated to English by the name the Leopard. In 1911 he also served in the army, being patriotic and heroic in the war of Caporetto, he was taken in as a prisoner in Hungary. Later after his escape, he went out for traveling, learning more about foreign literature, and it was in this period that he perceived his first novel, the leopard. It is believed that after he finished writing his novel in 1956, it was rejected by the publisher; and it was a year later after his sudden death from lung cancer in 1958, that excellence of his work was recognized, it was not even published but also won the Strega Prize. While some also believe that the initial rejection that the novel attained, wasnt because of poor literary matter but was due had its political reasons enveloped w ith it. College Students Frequently Tell EssayLab writers:I'm not in the mood to write my assignmentSpecialists recommend:Online Essay Helper Best Website To Buy College Papers Essay Writer Service Writing Essay Company Another tale about the author regards him as the last prince of the Sicily state, or the Duke of Palma, and claims that he wrote this novel on his rand father, another Prince of Lampedusa. The story further goes that it was after the palace at Lampedusa was bombarded in the Second World War that Tomasi sank down in great depression, and it was in this incomplete state of helplessness that he wrote this legendary novel, which is still remembered as revolutionary. The original title, Il Gattopardo, literally means as the cat, which was like an heirloom for the authors family, thus holds great respect and honor for him. In the translated version, however, it has been titled as the leopard. The novel caters to many historical events which at that time took place in Italy, while some of the most important ones included the invasion of Garibaldi onto the Sicilian coast, the Unification of Italy and the changing system from aristocracy to a more democratic society thus showing dramatic changes for the people. Most of the novel has been based upon the time when Italy was going through the Risorgimento period, when the voice of Guiseppe Garibaldi, for the unification of Italy was on the rise. The story starts to open when his army lands on the coast of Sicily, and is planning to overthrow the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. However, the secondary plot revolves around how the political situation of the country influences the ordinary people of the country, such as the aristocratic Salina family, lead by Prince Fabrizio. Donadio Rachel, in his article, published on 31 July, 2008, the New York Times, titled as the Leopard Turns 50, while describing the excellence of the book states, Sicily is the key to Italy, as Goethe once wrote, and one novel is the key to Sicily: The Leopard, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusas masterpiece. (Donadio, 2008) He states that this novel is the most perfect depiction of the times of aristocracy that this world has lost. Leopards protagonist, Prince Frabozi who is shown as a rich aristrocrat of great knowledge, position and social status, a man benevolent with money and customed to living by traditions. The novel finds grave tragedy in his life, when his favorite nephew, Prince Tancredi, is apt on supporting the coming revolution, not through the mere interest of embracing the change but for his love for money, status and position in the new developing society. Thus for the sake of money and an artificial life, tancredi marries at a lower place, just for the sake of money; where Frabozi accepts how his monarchy was finally being over ruled by the midle class slowing coming to power. He also speaks the heart of the novel which describes the entire book beautifully saying that; If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change. (Ebert, 2003) The final death of the prince by which he is left to cater his unmarried daughters, his splitting property and nevertheless the broken government. This death does not only represent the sad dismisal of Lampedusas but also marks the end towards the monarchy of Sicily. This novel is a representation of the changing society, of how Garibaldis revolution brought the entire empire to shift its way of living and its traditions according to the new rule. The dying of the pronce echoes pf how an entire era had eventually come to an end with the invasion, bronging his knowledge and morality all to an end. The story finds its grimace with Fabrizio realizing that even with his place in the society he is helpless and cannot stop the change from engulfing the entire society. It also paints the countryside of Sicily in a very picturesque and vivid manner, which helps the readers imagine the country at the time of Risorgimento. One of the famous quotes taken from the book which describes the Sicilian fall and the rise of new era is as follows; "All this shouldn't last; but it will, always; the human 'always,' of course, a century, two centuries... and after that it will be different but worse. We were the Leopards, the Lions; those who'll take our place will be little jackals, hyenas; and the whole lot of us Leopards, jackals, and sheep, we'll all go on thinking ourselves the salt of the earth." (Lampedusa, 1958) The novel was later in 1963 depicted in the form of a film by director Luchino Visconti, and the cast included Burt Lancaster, Claudia Cardinale and Alain Delon. It like the novel was set in the mood of 1860, when Italy was in the process of unification, with the monarchy coming to an end. However, both the movie and the novel have been criticized for being too disillusioned by the Unification, and to be overly skeptic of its negative effects upon the lives of the people. It was taken more as a more negative Marxist theory who claimed it as merciless and the Catholics were pessimistic of its view points. Generally it is taken as an objective side of the story; however it covers the true aspects of the history which did exist in the lives of those suffering through the revolution. Lampedusa, no matter had a royal birth, born with an actual silver spoon in his mouth, unfortunately had to face the fall of his familys position; thus it explains his flight f anger and depression seen throughout the novel. He well understood the political motives of leaders as he had spent his entire life amongst them, and was able to comprehend what would befall them in the future. Conclusion: Leopard is a story which directly comes from the heart of a person who suffered through the loss of his kingdom; thus it tells the tale of a man who faced revolution at peak and saw how his life might change marking the history of a new revolution. References Donadio, R. (2008, July 31). The Leopard Turns 50. The essay. The New York Times. Ebert, R. (2003, September 14). The Leopard (1963). Retrieved from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023&AID1=&AID2=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023 Lampedusa, G. T, (1958). The Leopard. Current Edition: Pantheon. ISBN: 0679731210 Chapter 4

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Ð ¡ommunal aspÐ µÃ' ts of digital Ã' ulturÐ µ run dÐ µÃ µp and widÐ µ. WikipÐ µdia is just onÐ µ rÐ µmarkablÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of an Ð µmÐ µrging Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivismand not just WikipÐ µdia but wikinÐ µss at largÐ µ. Ward Ð ¡unningham, who invÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ first Ã' ollaborativÐ µ WÐ µb pagÐ µ in 1994, traÃ' ks nÐ µarly 150 wiki Ð µnginÐ µs today, Ð µaÃ' h powÐ µring myriad sitÐ µs. WÐ µtpaint, launÃ' hÐ µd just thrÐ µÃ µ yÐ µars ago, hosts morÐ µ than 1 million Ã' ommunal Ð µfforts. WidÐ µsprÐ µad adoption of thÐ µ sharÐ µ-friÐ µndly Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons altÐ µrnativÐ µ Ã' opyright liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µ and thÐ µ risÐ µ of ubiquitous filÐ µ-sharing arÐ µ two morÐ µ stÐ µps in this shift. Mushrooming Ã' ollaborativÐ µ sitÐ µs likÐ µ Digg, StumblÐ µUpon, thÐ µ HypÐ µ MaÃ' hinÐ µ, and TwinÐ µ havÐ µ addÐ µd wÐ µight to this grÐ µat uphÐ µaval. NÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry day anothÐ µr startup proudly hÐ µralds a nà  µw way to harnÐ µss Ã' ommunity aÃ' tion. ThÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts suggÐ µst a stÐ µady movÐ µ toward a sort of soÃ' ialism uniquÐ µly tunÐ µd for a nÐ µtworkÐ µd world. WÐ µ'rÐ µ not talking about your grandfathÐ µr's soÃ' ialism. In faÃ' t, thÐ µrÐ µ is a long list of past movÐ µmÐ µnts this nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is not. It is not Ã' lass warfarÐ µ. It is not anti-AmÐ µriÃ' an; indÐ µÃ µd, digital soÃ' ialism may bÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µwÐ µst AmÐ µriÃ' an innovation. WhilÐ µ old-sÃ' hool soÃ' ialism was an arm of thÐ µ statÐ µ, digital soÃ' ialism is soÃ' ialism without thÐ µ statÐ µ. This nÐ µw brand of soÃ' ialism Ã' urrÐ µntly opÐ µratÐ µs in thÐ µ rÐ µalm of Ã' ulturÐ µ and Ð µÃ' onomiÃ' s, rathÐ µr than govÐ µrnmÐ µntfor now. ThÐ µ typÐ µ of Ã' ommunism with whiÃ' h GatÐ µs hopÐ µd to tar thÐ µ Ã' rÐ µators of Linux was born in an Ð µra of Ð µnforÃ' Ã µd bordÐ µrs, Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ations, and top-hÐ µavy industrial proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs. ThosÐ µ Ã' onstraints gavÐ µ risÐ µ to a typÐ µ of Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ ownÐ µrship that rÐ µplaÃ' Ã µd thÐ µ brilliant Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt with sÃ' iÐ µntifiÃ'  fivÐ µ-yÐ µar plans dÐ µvisÐ µd by an all-powÐ µrful politburo. This politiÃ' al opÐ µrating systÐ µm failÐ µd, to put it mildly. HowÐ µvÐ µr, unlikÐ µ thosÐ µ oldÐ µr strains of rÐ µd-flag soÃ' ialism, thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism runs ovÐ µr a bordÐ µrlÐ µss IntÐ µrnÐ µt, through a tightly intÐ µgratÐ µd global Ð µÃ' onomy. It is dÐ µsignÐ µd to hÐ µightÐ µn individual autonomy and thwart Ã' Ã µntralization. It is dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralization Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ. InstÐ µad of gathÐ µring on Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ farms, wÐ µ gathÐ µr in Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ worlds. InstÐ µad of statÐ µ faÃ' toriÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ dÐ µsktop faÃ' toriÐ µs Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd to virtual Ã' o-ops. InstÐ µad of sharing drill bits, piÃ' ks, and shovÐ µls, wÐ µ sharÐ µ apps, sÃ' ripts, and APIs. InstÐ µad of faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss politburos, wÐ µ havÐ µ faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss mÐ µritoÃ' raÃ' iÐ µs, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ only thing that mattÐ µrs is gÐ µtting things donÐ µ. InstÐ µad of national produÃ' tion, wÐ µ havÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' tion. InstÐ µad of govÐ µrnmÐ µnt rations and subsidiÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ a bounty of frÐ µÃ µ goods. Broadly, Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion is what WÐ µb sitÐ µs and NÐ µt-Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd apps gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µy harnÐ µss input from thÐ µ global audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's rhÐ µtoriÃ' al dangÐ µr in lumping so many typÐ µs of organization undÐ µr suÃ' h an inflammatory hÐ µading. But thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ no unsoilÐ µd tÐ µrms availablÐ µ, so wÐ µ might as wÐ µll rÐ µdÐ µÃ µm this onÐ µ. WhÐ µn massÐ µs of pÐ µoplÐ µ who own thÐ µ mÐ µans of produÃ' tion work toward a Ã' ommon goal and sharÐ µ thÐ µir produÃ' ts in Ã' ommon, whÐ µn thÐ µy Ã' ontributÐ µ labor without wagÐ µs and Ð µnjoy thÐ µ fruits frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ, it's not unrÐ µasonablÐ µ to Ã' all that soÃ' ialism. In thÐ µ latÐ µ '90s, aÃ' tivist, provoÃ' atÐ µur, and aging hippy John Barlow bÐ µgan Ã' alling this drift, somÐ µwhat tonguÐ µ in Ã' hÐ µÃ µk, "dot-Ã' ommunism." HÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µd it as a "workforÃ' Ã µ Ã' omposÐ µd Ð µntirÐ µly of frÐ µÃ µ agÐ µnts," a dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd gift or bartÐ µr Ð µÃ' onomy whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is no propÐ µrty and whÐ µrÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al arÃ' hitÐ µÃ' turÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µs thÐ µ politiÃ' al spaÃ' Ã µ. HÐ µ was right on thÐ µ virtual monÐ µy. But thÐ µrÐ µ is onÐ µ way in whiÃ' h soÃ' ialism is thÐ µ wrong word for what is happÐ µning: It is not an idÐ µology. It dÐ µmands no rigid Ã' rÐ µÃ µd. RathÐ µr, it is a spÐ µÃ' trum of attitudÐ µs, tÐ µÃ' hniquÐ µs, and tools that promotÐ µ Ã' ollaboration, sharing, aggrÐ µgation, Ã' oordination, and a host of othÐ µr nÐ µwly Ð µnablÐ µd typÐ µs of soÃ' ial Ã' oopÐ µration. It is a dÐ µsign frontiÐ µr and a partiÃ' ularly fÐ µrtilÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ for innovation. In his 2008 book, HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, mÐ µdia thÐ µorist Ð ¡lay Shirky suggÐ µsts a usÐ µful hiÐ µrarÃ' hy for sorting through thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ial arrangÐ µmÐ µnts. Groups of pÐ µoplÐ µ start off simply sharing and thÐ µn progrÐ µss to Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, and finally Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism. At Ð µaÃ' h stÐ µp, thÐ µ amount of Ã' oordination inÃ' rÐ µasÐ µs. A survÐ µy of thÐ µ onlinÐ µ landsÃ' apÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µals amplÐ µ Ð µvidÐ µnÃ' Ã µ of this phÐ µnomÐ µnon. UnlikÐ µ with politiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions, whiÃ' h oftÐ µn prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs with blood, turmoil and thÐ µ urgÐ µnÃ' y of Ð µstablishing a nÐ µw rÐ µgimÐ µ, thÐ µ soÃ' ial and tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolution of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt has introduÃ' Ã µd itsÐ µlf with plÐ µasant and usÐ µful Ã' omforts and Ã' onvÐ µniÐ µnÃ' Ã µs. Still, as Ð ¡lay Shirky Ã' hroniÃ' lÐ µs in grÐ µat dÐ µtail in HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, thÐ µ Ã' hangÐ µs that thÐ µ world widÐ µ wÐ µb bring about instill a profoundly nÐ µw way of doing things into daily lifÐ µ, that holds promisÐ µ for Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion, but that also brings forward a fundamÐ µntal Ã' hallÐ µngÐ µ to our soÃ' ial institutions. With grÐ µat Ã' arÐ µ and attÐ µntion to dÐ µtail, Shirky dÐ µsÃ' ribÐ µs thÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µna that arÐ µ thÐ µ outgrowth and Ã' onsÐ µquÐ µnÃ' Ã µs of thÐ µ introduÃ' tion of thÐ µ wÐ µb into widÐ µsprÐ µad usÐ µ. As a spaÃ' Ã µ whÐ µrÐ µ information Ã' an bÐ µ rÐ µÃ' ordÐ µd and storÐ µd at littlÐ µ to no Ã' ost to partiÃ' ipants, thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt sÐ µrvÐ µs as a lÐ µvÐ µl playing fiÐ µld whÐ µrÐ µ Ð µvÐ µrybody Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr and sharÐ µ and Ð µxÃ' hangÐ µ information about thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, friÐ µnds, soÃ' iÐ µty and idÐ µas. WhÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ prÐ µvious tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions of thÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µvision and radio allowÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ation to rÐ µaÃ' h a broad audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ, thÐ µ wÐ µb Ð µnablÐ µs 'symmÐ µtriÃ' al partiÃ' ipation' whÐ µrÐ µ anybody Ã' an potÐ µntially Ã' ommuniÃ' atÐ µ with Ð µvÐ µrybody as Ð µithÐ µr a rÐ µÃ' ipiÐ µnt or produÃ' Ã µr of information. WhÐ µrÐ µ Shirky's work is Ð µmphatiÃ'  is that Ð µnablÐ µd by this onlinÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ is an Ð µasÐ µ of Ã' ollaboration whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ arÐ µ willing to hÐ µlp Ð µaÃ' h othÐ µr or work on a togÐ µthÐ µr on a projÐ µÃ' t that thÐ µy lovÐ µ. ThÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt faÃ' ilitatÐ µs groups Ð µasily Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr not only bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ low transaÃ' tion Ã' osts of group formation and output, but also bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ as thÐ µ author puts it, largÐ µ soÃ' ial groups arÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt than small onÐ µs, as groups bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ morÐ µ Ð µxpansivÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is a nÐ µtworking Ð µffÐ µÃ' t allowing pÐ µoplÐ µ to morÐ µ rÐ µadily Ã' onnÐ µÃ' t along similar intÐ µrÐ µsts. MuÃ' h of thÐ µ book is fillÐ µd with an array of illustrativÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs, brimming with a palpablÐ µ Ð µxÃ' itÐ µmÐ µnt, on whÐ µrÐ µ and how Ã' ollaboration has bÐ µÃ µn taking plaÃ' Ã µ, from pÐ µoplÐ µ Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr to find a woman's lost phonÐ µ, to thÐ µ spontanÐ µous organization of protÐ µsts in BÐ µlarus, to dÐ µsÃ' ribing thÐ µ origins and dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of WikipÐ µdia. HowÐ µvÐ µr, lurking bÐ µhind this gloss of optimism, is also a mild skÐ µptiÃ' al quÐ µstioning. Shirky points out that this bright and bravÐ µ nÐ µw world of pÐ µoplÐ µ aÃ' ting togÐ µthÐ µr also shifts thÐ µ ground bÐ µnÐ µath Ð µstablishÐ µd institutions that work with information towards a soÃ' ial Ð µnd, inÃ' luding not just thÐ µ mÐ µdia, but also govÐ µrnmÐ µnt and rÐ µgular businÐ µssÐ µs. In a rÐ µflÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ modÐ µ thÐ µ author wondÐ µrs whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ formation of onlinÐ µ groups will nÐ µÃ' Ã µssari ly bÐ µ ablÐ µ to providÐ µ output to thosÐ µ standards as thosÐ µ institutions that thÐ µy thrÐ µatÐ µn to upÐ µnd or Ã' hangÐ µ radiÃ' ally. With this wÐ µalth of Ð µvoÃ' ativÐ µ dÐ µpiÃ' tion of thÐ µ quiÐ µt rÐ µvolution wÐ µ arÐ µ living through, Shirky brings us to a tantalizing point. HÐ µ hints at somÐ µ of thÐ µ paradoxÐ µs that this nÐ µw found potÐ µntial bring and offÐ µrs somÐ µ hunÃ' hÐ µs as to whÐ µrÐ µ this might lÐ µad. Still, thÐ µ dynamiÃ' s that undÐ µrliÐ µ thÐ µ shift bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ old and nÐ µw rÐ µmain only lightly Ð µxaminÐ µd. BÐ µyond highlighting thÐ µ faÃ' ts of thÐ µ Ã' ontrast itsÐ µlf, thÐ µ book, thÐ µn, doÐ µs not idÐ µntify thÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ diÃ' hotomy by whiÃ' h thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt Ã' an bÐ µ a spontanÐ µous positivÐ µ forÃ' Ã µ, whilÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly shaking thÐ µ bÐ µdroÃ' k of kÐ µy pillars of soÃ' iÐ µty, nor doÐ µs thÐ µ work arrivÐ µ at a satisfaÃ' tory synthÐ µsis of how this tÐ µnsion might rÐ µsolvÐ µ. WÐ µ arÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly standing at thÐ µ Ã' usp of a Ã' onfliÃ' t bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y that thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt offÐ µrs and thÐ µ mÐ µdiating proÃ' Ã µss whiÃ' h liÐ µs at thÐ µ hÐ µart of thÐ µ soÃ' ial purposÐ µ of institutions. If wÐ µ imaginÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' opywritÐ µr in a nÐ µwspapÐ µr, thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of parliamÐ µnt or Ã' ongrÐ µss, or a quality assuranÃ' Ã µ systÐ µm in a Ã' ompany, Ð µaÃ' h of thÐ µsÐ µ involvÐ µs Ã' arÐ µful rÐ µviÐ µw and Ã' onsidÐ µration of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ itÐ µm bÐ µing introduÃ' Ã µd rÐ µaÃ' hÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µnt standards that propÐ µrly sÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ µ soÃ' ial Ð µnd of thÐ µ institution. ThÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µnon idÐ µntifiÐ µd by Shirky that agÐ µ groups havÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ ridiÃ' ulously Ð µasy to form offÐ µrs thÐ µ promisÐ µ that pÐ µoplÐ µ from disparatÐ µ parts of thÐ µ globÐ µ Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr for a soÃ' ial objÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. But without thÐ µ institutional framÐ µwork of rulÐ µs, thÐ µ 'bargain' that thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of thÐ µ group will bÐ µ Ã' arÐ µfully rÐ µviÐ µwÐ µd to guarantÐ µÃ µ it mÐ µÃ µts its soÃ' ial purposÐ µ is hardÐ µr to Ð µnsurÐ µ. ThÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnts a shimmÐ µring allurÐ µ, bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ boundlÐ µss frÐ µÃ µdom that it offÐ µrs. Anybody Ã' an sÐ µÃ µ anything that anybody Ð µlsÐ µ posts on thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt at any instant, whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µsÐ µ arÐ µ photos, TwittÐ µr updatÐ µs or youTubÐ µ vidÐ µos. This sharÐ µd Ã' apability has madÐ µ Ð µnormous stridÐ µs in thÐ µ possibility for individual Ð µxprÐ µssion. It is thÐ µ nÐ µxt stÐ µp though, to whiÃ' h thÐ µ titlÐ µ HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody alludÐ µs, that is muÃ' h morÐ µ diffiÃ' ult and rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts a rÐ µal transition whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ µthora of matÐ µrial that is availablÐ µ onlinÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µs Ð µnduringly mÐ µaningful to thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. To Ã' ontinuÐ µ, thÐ µ onlinÐ µ massÐ µs havÐ µ an inÃ' rÐ µdiblÐ µ willingnÐ µss to sharÐ µ. ThÐ µ numbÐ µr of pÐ µrsonal photos postÐ µd on FaÃ' Ã µbook and MySpaÃ' Ã µ is astronomiÃ' al, but it's a safÐ µ bÐ µt that thÐ µ ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming majority of photos takÐ µn with a digital Ã' amÐ µra arÐ µ sharÐ µd in somÐ µ fashion. ThÐ µn thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ status updatÐ µs, map loÃ' ations, half-thoughts postÐ µd onlinÐ µ. Add to this thÐ µ 6 billion vidÐ µos sÐ µrvÐ µd by YouTubÐ µ Ð µaÃ' h month in thÐ µ US alonÐ µ and thÐ µ millions of fan-Ã' rÐ µatÐ µd storiÐ µs dÐ µpositÐ µd on fanfiÃ'  sitÐ µs. ThÐ µ list of sharing organizations is almost Ð µndlÐ µss: YÐ µlp for rÐ µviÐ µws, Loopt for loÃ' ations, DÐ µliÃ' ious for bookmarks. WhÐ µn individuals work togÐ µthÐ µr toward a largÐ µ-sÃ' alÐ µ goal, it produÃ' Ã µs rÐ µsults that Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ at thÐ µ group lÐ µvÐ µl. Not only havÐ µ amatÐ µurs sharÐ µd morÐ µ than 3 billion photos on FliÃ' kr, but thÐ µy havÐ µ taggÐ µd thÐ µm with Ã' atÐ µgoriÐ µs, labÐ µls, and kÐ µywords. OthÐ µrs in thÐ µ Ã' ommunity Ã' ull thÐ µ piÃ' turÐ µs into sÐ µts. ThÐ µ popularity of Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons liÃ' Ã µnsing mÐ µans that Ã' ommunally, if not outright Ã' ommunistiÃ' ally, your piÃ' turÐ µ is my piÃ' turÐ µ. AnyonÐ µ Ã' an usÐ µ a photo, just as a Ã' ommunard might usÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' ommunity whÐ µÃ µlbarrow. Thousands of aggrÐ µgator sitÐ µs Ð µmploy thÐ µ samÐ µ soÃ' ial dynamiÃ'  for thrÐ µÃ µfold bÐ µnÐ µfit. First, thÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnology aids usÐ µrs dirÐ µÃ' tly, lÐ µtting thÐ µm tag, bookmark, rank, and arÃ' hivÐ µ for thÐ µir own usÐ µ. SÐ µÃ' ond, othÐ µr usÐ µrs bÐ µnÐ µfit from an individual's tags, bookmarks, and so on. And this, in turn, oftÐ µn Ã' rÐ µatÐ µs additional valuÐ µ that Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ only from thÐ µ group as a wholÐ µ. As put by Shirky, organizÐ µd Ã' ollaboration Ã' an produÃ' Ã µ rÐ µsults bÐ µyond thÐ µ aÃ' hiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnts of ad hoÃ'  Ã' oopÐ µration. Just look at any of hundrÐ µds of opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ softwarÐ µ projÐ µÃ' ts, suÃ' h as thÐ µ ApaÃ' hÐ µ WÐ µb sÐ µrvÐ µr. In thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µndÐ µavors, finÐ µly tunÐ µd Ã' ommunal tools gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ high-quality produÃ' ts from thÐ µ Ã' oordinatÐ µd work of thousands or tÐ µns of thousands of mÐ µmbÐ µrs. In Ã' ontrast to Ã' asual Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration on largÐ µ, Ã' omplÐ µx projÐ µÃ' ts tÐ µnds to bring thÐ µ partiÃ' ipants only indirÐ µÃ' t bÐ µnÐ µfits, sinÃ' Ã µ Ð µaÃ' h mÐ µmbÐ µr of thÐ µ group intÐ µraÃ' ts with only a small part of thÐ µ Ð µnd produÃ' t. An Ð µnthusiast may spÐ µnd months writing Ã' odÐ µ for a subroutinÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µ program's full utility is sÐ µvÐ µral yÐ µars away. In faÃ' t, thÐ µ work-rÐ µward ratio is so out of kilt Ð µr from a frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt pÐ µrspÐ µÃ' tivÐ µthÐ µ workÐ µrs do immÐ µnsÐ µ amounts of high-markÐ µt-valuÐ µ work without bÐ µing paidthat thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborativÐ µ Ð µfforts makÐ µ no sÐ µnsÐ µ within Ã' apitalism. ThÐ µ author arguÐ µs that wÐ µ'vÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ aÃ' Ã' ustomÐ µd to Ð µnjoying thÐ µ produÃ' ts of thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborations frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ. InstÐ µad of monÐ µy, thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' Ã µrs who Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ thÐ µ stuff gain Ã' rÐ µdit, status, rÐ µputation, Ð µnjoymÐ µnt, satisfaÃ' tion, and Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Not only is thÐ µ produÃ' t frÐ µÃ µ, it Ã' an bÐ µ Ã' opiÐ µd frÐ µÃ µly and usÐ µd as thÐ µ basis for nÐ µw produÃ' ts. AltÐ µrnativÐ µ sÃ' hÐ µmÐ µs for managing intÐ µllÐ µÃ' tual propÐ µrty, inÃ' luding Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons and thÐ µ GNU liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µs, wÐ µrÐ µ invÐ µntÐ µd to Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ "frÐ µÃ µs." Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's nothing partiÃ' ularly soÃ' ialistiÃ'  about Ã' ollaboration pÐ µr sÐ µ. But thÐ µ tools of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollaboration support a Ã' ommunal stylÐ µ of produÃ' tion that shuns Ã' apitalistiÃ'  invÐ µstors and kÐ µÃ µps ownÐ µrship in thÐ µ hands of thÐ µ workÐ µrs, and to somÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt thosÐ µ of thÐ µ Ã' onsuming massÐ µs WhilÐ µ Ã' oopÐ µration Ã' an writÐ µ an Ð µnÃ' yÃ' lopÐ µdia, no onÐ µ is hÐ µld rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ if thÐ µ Ã' ommunity fails to rÐ µaÃ' h Ã' onsÐ µnsus, and laÃ' k of agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnt doÐ µsn't Ð µndangÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ as a wholÐ µ. ThÐ µ aim of a Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, is to Ð µnginÐ µÃ µr a systÐ µm whÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µlf-dirÐ µÃ' tÐ µd pÐ µÃ µrs takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for Ã' ritiÃ' al proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs and whÐ µrÐ µ diffiÃ' ult dÐ µÃ' isions, suÃ' h as sorting out prioritiÐ µs, arÐ µ dÐ µÃ' idÐ µd by all partiÃ' ipants. Throughout history, hundrÐ µds of small-sÃ' alÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist groups havÐ µ triÐ µd this opÐ µrating systÐ µm. ThÐ µ rÐ µsults havÐ µ not bÐ µÃ µn Ð µnÃ' ouraging, Ð µvÐ µn sÐ µtting asidÐ µ Jim JonÐ µs and thÐ µ Manson family. IndÐ µÃ µd, a Ã' losÐ µ Ð µxamination of thÐ µ govÐ µrning kÐ µrnÐ µl of, say, WikipÐ µdia, Linux, or OpÐ µnOffiÃ' Ã µ shows that thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µfforts arÐ µ furthÐ µr from thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist idÐ µal than appÐ µars from thÐ µ outsidÐ µ. WhilÐ µ millions of writÐ µrs Ã' ontributÐ µ to WikipÐ µdia, a smallÐ µr numbÐ µr of Ð µditors (around 1,500) arÐ µ rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for thÐ µ majority of thÐ µ Ð µditing. Platforms likÐ µ thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt and FaÃ' Ã µbook, or dÐ µmoÃ' raÃ' ywhiÃ' h arÐ µ intÐ µndÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ as a substratÐ µ for produÃ' ing goods and dÐ µlivÐ µring sÐ µrviÃ' Ã µsbÐ µnÐ µfit from bÐ µing as nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al as possiblÐ µ, minimizing barriÐ µrs to Ð µntry and distributing rights and rÐ µsponsibilitiÐ µs Ð µqually. WhÐ µn powÐ µrful aÃ' tors appÐ µar, thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ fabriÃ'  suffÐ µrs. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, organizations built to Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ produÃ' ts oftÐ µn nà  µÃ µd strong lÐ µadÐ µrs and hiÐ µrarÃ' hiÐ µs arrangÐ µd around timÐ µ sÃ' alÐ µs: OnÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl foÃ' usÐ µs on hourly nÐ µÃ µds, anothÐ µr on thÐ µ nÐ µxt fivÐ µ yÐ µars. In thÐ µ past, Ã' onstruÃ' ting an organization that Ð µxploitÐ µd hiÐ µrarÃ' hy yÐ µt maximizÐ µd Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism was nÐ µarly impossiblÐ µ. Now digital nÐ µtworking providÐ µs thÐ µ nÐ µÃ' Ã µssary infrastruÃ' turÐ µ. ThÐ µ NÐ µt Ð µmpowÐ µrs produÃ' t-foÃ' usÐ µd organizations to funÃ' tion Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µly whilÐ µ kÐ µÃ µping thÐ µ hiÐ µrarÃ' hy from fully taking ovÐ µr. ThÐ µ organization bÐ µhind MySQL, an opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ databasÐ µ, is not romantiÃ' ally nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al, but it is far morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than OraÃ' lÐ µ. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, WikipÐ µdia is not a bastion of Ð µquality, but it is vastly morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than thÐ µ ЕnÃ' yÃ' lopdia BritanniÃ' a. ThÐ µ Ð µlitÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ wÐ µ find at thÐ µ hÐ µart of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µs is aÃ' tually a sign that statÐ µlÐ µss soÃ' ialism Ã' an work on a grand sÃ' alÐ µ. Most pÐ µoplÐ µ in thÐ µ WÐ µst wÐ µrÐ µ indoÃ' trinatÐ µd with thÐ µ notion that Ð µxtÐ µnding thÐ µ powÐ µr of individuals nÐ µÃ' Ã µssarily diminishÐ µs thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ statÐ µ, and viÃ' Ã µ vÐ µrsa. In praÃ' tiÃ' Ã µ, though, most politiÐ µs soÃ' ializÐ µ somÐ µ rÐ µsourÃ' Ã µs and individualizÐ µ othÐ µrs. Most frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt Ð µÃ' onomiÐ µs havÐ µ soÃ' ializÐ µd Ð µduÃ' ation, and Ð µvÐ µn Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly soÃ' ializÐ µd soÃ' iÐ µtiÐ µs allow somÐ µ privatÐ µ propÐ µrty. RathÐ µr than viÐ µwing tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al soÃ' ialism as onÐ µ sidÐ µ of a zÐ µro-sum tradÐ µ-off bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt individualism and Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd authority, it Ã' an bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn as a Ã' ultural OS that Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µs both thÐ µ individual and thÐ µ group at onÃ' Ã µ. ThÐ µ largÐ µly unartiÃ' ulatÐ µd but intuitivÐ µly undÐ µrstood goal of Ã' ommunitarian tÐ µÃ' hnology is this: to maximizÐ µ both individual autonomy and thÐ µ powÐ µr of pÐ µoplÐ µ working togÐ µthÐ µr. Thus, digital soÃ' ialism Ã' an bÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd as a third way that rÐ µndÐ µrs irrÐ µlÐ µvant thÐ µ old dÐ µbatÐ µs. ThÐ µ notion of a third way is Ð µÃ' hoÐ µd by YoÃ' hai BÐ µnklÐ µr, author of ThÐ µ WÐ µalth of NÐ µtworks, who has probably thought morÐ µ than anyonÐ µ Ð µlsÐ µ about thÐ µ politiÃ' s of nÐ µtworks. ThÐ µ nÐ µw OS is nÐ µithÐ µr thÐ µ Ã' lassiÃ'  Ã' ommunism of Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd planning without privatÐ µ propÐ µrty nor thÐ µ undilutÐ µd Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt. InstÐ µad, it is an Ð µmÐ µrging dÐ µsign spaÃ' Ã µ in whiÃ' h dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd publiÃ'  Ã' oordination Ã' an solvÐ µ problÐ µms and Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ things that nÐ µithÐ µr purÐ µ Ã' ommunism nor purÐ µ Ã' apitalism Ã' an. Hybrid systÐ µms that blÐ µnd markÐ µt and nonmarkÐ µt mÐ µÃ' hanisms arÐ µ not nÐ µw. For dÐ µÃ' adÐ µs, rÐ µsÐ µarÃ' hÐ µrs havÐ µ studiÐ µd thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd, soÃ' ializÐ µd produÃ' tion mÐ µthods of northÐ µrn Italian and BasquÐ µ industrial Ã' o-ops, in whiÃ' h Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs arÐ µ ownÐ µrs, sÐ µlÐ µÃ' ting managÐ µmÐ µnt and limiting profit distribution, indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt of statÐ µ Ã' ontrol. At nÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry turn, thÐ µ powÐ µr of sharing, Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, opÐ µnnÐ µss, frÐ µÃ µ priÃ' ing, and transparÐ µnÃ' y has provÐ µn to bÐ µ morÐ µ praÃ' tiÃ' al than wÐ µ Ã' apitalists thought possiblÐ µ. ЕaÃ' h timÐ µ wÐ µ try it, wÐ µ find that thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is biggÐ µr than wÐ µ imaginÐ µd.

Which Foreign Language Should You Take in High School

Which Foreign Language Should You Take in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Part of being a high school student is making a lot of decisions about which classes to take. While your foreign language courses may not be as critical to colleges as, say, which math classes you took,they are still something colleges look at and use to determine if you'd be a good fit for their school. Also, if you play your cards right, the language you choose to study in high school could have a big impact on your future. I chose to study French and with my language skills I have been able to participate in an exchange with French high school students, get a job improving African schools, and spend a year in France teaching English. I'll go over what colleges look for in foreign language study as well as the steps you need to follow in order to choose the best language for you. Do Colleges Care Which Foreign Language You Take? Nope!College admissions officers do not view certain languages as harder or more impressive than othersbecause all foreign languages require time and dedication to learn and all provide benefits.This is great news because it means you can choose which language to study based on your interests! The only exception to this would be if you chose to study a language you already learned while growing up. Some colleges ask for your native language(s) in their applications and seeing you take classes for a language you already know won't impress them. So What Do Colleges Look for in Your Foreign Language Courses? Colleges look fordepthof foreign language study, not breadth, so they want to see that you'vestudied one language for several years. Studying one language for three or four years is much more difficult than taking introductory classes inseveral different languages, and it also shows that you have the ability to build off previous knowledge and stick with a subject. Many colleges require applicants to have completedtwo or three years of foreign language study, and most top schools highly recommend or require four years. The average high school student completes two years of foreign language study, but even if that is all that is required by the colleges you are interested in,studying a foreign language longer is always betterand will make your application stronger. Most students in the US begin their foreign language study at least by middle school, so if you took Mandarin in 8th grade and want to switch to Spanish next year, high schools usually allow that, and it won't negatively impact your college applications as long as you stick with the new language throughout high school. The best things you can do to make your foreign language study a strength on your college applications are tostick to one language, take a course in that language each year, and get good grades in those courses. Choose one foreign language and stick with it throughout high school. Image via Valencia College. How to Choose the Best Foreign Language toStudy Choosing a subject to study for four years while getting good grades requires a lot of time and dedication. Studying a foreign language is different from other subjects because people get frustrated and want to stop not because the material is too difficult (after all toddlers in other countries are learning it), but because learning another language can often feel boring, tedious, and never-ending. There will come a time (probably many, many times) while studying a foreign language when you become frustrated and want to quit. Simply knowing yet another verb tense or vocabulary word will not always be enough to keep you motivated.You'll need a bigger reason to keep wanting to learn. Here are two ways to stay motivated: 1. Choose a Language That Relates to Your Career Goals When I was in high school, I made the decision to study French because I wanted to do international development work in Africa. Since France used to rule several African countries, millions of Africans speak French, and I knew that if I could speak French too, that might help me get a job. For some career fields,knowing a certain language can make you more employable or better at your job, and reminding yourself that your language skills could help with your future job search can provide an incentive to keep learning a foreign language. Ask Yourself: What Type of Career Do I Want? This doesn't have to be a specific job; a broad career field is fine. Are you interested in business? Do you think you might want to study medicine? Below are five of the most popular foreign languages high school students study and some of the fields those languages are most used in. See if any of them match the type of job you'd like to have. Having a future career in mind can help you choose which language to study Spanish By far the most common foreign language to study in the US 405 million native speakers, mostly in Spain, North America, and South America 2nd most common language spoken in the US Because Spanish is spoken so widely in the United States, it is useful for many professions. It's particularly valuable for students planning to work in medicine or social work (so they can assist people who cannot speak English but may need immediate help), people interested in doing service work in Central or South America, and those considering customer service jobs. High school Spanish is a solid choice that many students take - you generally can't go wrong with this. French 74 million native speakers, mostly in Western Europe and Western and Central Africa Official language of the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, and NATO Because many international organizations use French, it is most valuable for students planning careers in diplomacy or international relations, as well as those who would like to work in or with Africa. Also, because Africa's economy has the potential to boom in the near future, French can be useful for business students looking to capitalize on the continent's growth. Mandarin Chinese Rapidly growing in popularity as a foreign language to study 955 million native speakers, mostly in China Spoken by 1/5 of the world's population With China continuing its huge economic growth, many US businesses have operations in the countryand are working with Chinese corporations, making Mandarin useful for students planning to study business. Unlike the other languages in this list, Chinese is not written with the Roman alphabet, so it's an interesting challenge to learn as an English speaker. German 89 million native speakers, mostly in Western Europe 2nd most common language in science and technology fields 3rd most common language to publish books in Germany has one of the world's largest economies, and the country is also a leader in scientific and technological innovations. Learning German would be most valuable for those planning to study banking, science, engineering, and publishing. If you're interested in science, German may be a good language to consider studying Latin "Dead language", no cultures use it as a native language anymore The Romance languages (including French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian) descended from Latin and currently include 800 million native speakers While there are no longer any native speakers of Latin, this language is still useful for those interested in careers in linguistics or students planning to learn multiple languages. Many words in the Romance languages come from Latin roots, and once you have mastered Latin, learning the Romance languages becomes a much quicker process. Remember, these are just suggestions. It's perfectly ok to take Mandarin even if you want to be a doctor or Latin if you plan on a career in business.It's sticking with the language and getting closer to fluency that's most important. So what's the best way to make sure you keep studying the language? 2.Choose a Language That Is Interesting to You Remember when I mentioned being frustrated and bored while studying a foreign language? Having a genuine interest in the language will give you motivation to keep studying it, maybe even years after you graduate high school. How do you know which language you'll find most interesting? Ask yourself the following questions: Do Any of My Hobbies Relate to a Foreign Language? This is an important consideration. Connecting a hobby to your foreign language study can make you enjoy that hobby more and motivate you to continue learning the language. Make a list of your hobbies and see if any of them tie-in to a specific language. There are a lot of possibilities, so think creatively. Are you into fashion? Italy and France are widely seen as the world's fashion capitals. Do you enjoy reading? Perhaps you could learn a language that will allow you to read classic works of literature in their original language. Do you have a favorite type of food? Cooking traditional recipes from a country can make learning its language more interesting. Or maybe you're really into anime or Asian dramas? If your school teaches a language like Japanese or Korean, you could one day enjoy those shows without subtitles. Where Do I Want to Travel? Do you dream of eating croissants in Paris or walking along Venice's canals? Thinking about a dream vacation to a country where the language you are learning is spoken can give you an extra boost of motivation. Grab a globe or a map of the world, pick out your top travel destinations, and see if your school teaches any of the languages spoken in those places. Your travel goals can help you decide which language to study Which Languages Sound the Best to Me? This may seem like a minor consideration, but most languages sound very different from one another, and since you'll be hearing it a lot as you practice, you want to make sure you choose a language you enjoy listening to. Search for videos on YouTube or listen to foreign radio or tv stations to hear different languages and get an idea of which ones you enjoy listening to. Do I Know Anyone Who Speaks These Languages? Perhaps you have grandparents who speak Japanese or a neighbor who speaks Spanish. Communicating with friends and family members in their native tongue can help strengthen your relationship with them along with giving you lots of speaking practice. How Similar Do I Want This Language to Be to English? Some languages, such as Mandarin and Arabic, can be more difficult and time-consuming to learn in the beginning because the way they look and sound is so different from English. Ask yourself if you'd prefer to try something completely new or if you would feel more comfortable sticking to a language closer to English such as Spanish, French, or German. You can do an internet search for "beginner lessons in [your language of interest]" to find free introductory lessons for any language and get a feel for what learning it would be like. Do I Want a Lot of Opportunities to Speak This Language? Is being able to easily practice your speaking skills outside the classroom important to you? If you’d like to have a lot of other speakers nearby, choose a more popular language like Spanish where many libraries, hospitals, etc. appreciate bilingual volunteers. If not, you can be open to less commonly used languages, such as Latin. The bottom line is that the way to stay interested in a language so that you study it for multiple years and get high grades like colleges want to see is to remember the big picture. Learning a new language is more than conjugating verbs and memorizing the gender of nouns. Knowing another language can introduce you to people and parts of the world you wouldn’t have experienced otherwise. Keep that in mind when deciding on a language and choose one whichwill hold your interest outside the classroom and encourage you to push your boundaries. What's Next? Thinking about whichother classes to take in high school? Take a look at our guides to choosing which math and science classes to take and start planning your schedule. Trying to decide whether to take the ACT or the SAT? Read our guide to figure out which test you'll score higher on! Are you considering summer academic programs for middle school and high school students? Learn about the SIG, CTY, and Stanford EPGY programs to see if one of them might be right for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Documentary Reflection assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Documentary Reflection - Assignment Example Such information is a prerequisite for them to make informed decisions about fracturing. Most products have the capability of causing defects to the endocrine system thus affecting development and reproduction in human and wildlife. Others are known to affect the skin, eyes, sensory organs, respiratory system, and liver. In addition, they have adverse effect on the general environment, soil, water, and air. As such, it is important to have fracturing contractors reveal full information about their products to the public. Natural gas manufacturer too, are obliged to reveal the chemical contents and effects of their products. However, a major drawback associated with this is that, most of them rely on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDA) for product information. Seemingly, it has been discovered that many MSDSs provide unreliable fragmented information. This therefore hinders the public access to full information about products and related chemicals. As a fact, the Chevron company should have full disclosure of its product and chemicals associated with fracturing and natural gas manufacturing may not only enable people to know about their adverse effects on health alone but may also enable them to be conversant with the air and water quality they consume. This is very significant in developing air and water quality monitoring protocols. Those living near natural gas development industries stand to benefit the most from such information. Besides all these, such information could be very important for the public to make decisions about the regulation of the fracturing and drilling activities. Thus, based on deep analysis of the movie, it can be concluded that the general public deserves to be informed about the effects of gas products from industries, fracturing and drilling industries in order to enlighten and make them take necessary

Civic Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civic Engagement - Essay Example Their main objective was to ensure that the voice of the public is heard and attended to. This forum was also intended to strengthen the weakening relationship between the public and the police department and therefore contribute to enhanced national security. This event had drawn large audience because in the previous day, John Diaz, who is the SPD Chief announced his intention to retire from the police service. Another speaker who took more time on the stage addressing the rising violence cases in the community was Captain Ron Wilson, East Precinct commander. General Matt Allen (a guest speaker) explained that the police department is committed to reaching out to the public at large by holding regional meeting purposely to address security issues and concerns of the public in general. In this event, the speaker noted with a lot of concern that club violence was no doubt a major thorn especially in those clubs along Pine and Pike, therefore given first priority over others issues of equal importance. Members of community were getting bothered by the frequency of what was known to be brawls outside the Grimes and the Woods on the 11Avenue. Llen recognized club violence as a complex issue and urged the members of the public to keep dialing 911 for security response. ... To this, John Diaz explained that there were legal policies regulating noise in residential places, but was only that the police department had not been informed of these new developments. However, he explained that the good news was that they was going to established a special police unit to address issues related to community peace as far as operation of night clubs is concerned. He went ahead to explain that the mandate of the proposed police force will be executed in a way that they will not affect business ventures. This implied that business must be executed with strictly compliance with the security policies. In this forum, club violence was a hot topic with the recent incidence at The Social being the reference point. Another issue that heavily criticized by the community was the manner at which the mentally challenged people in the society were treated. The community members in attendance claimed that they had recently witnessed a rise on the Capitol Hill. Concern this unjus t and unfair treatment of the disability member, the area police boss explained that those suffering from mental sickness or panhandling on the streets should not necessarily be locked up in prisons. In the mean time, this problem was addressed through the establishment of what was termed as the ‘Mobile Crisis Unit’ that served as medium term solution. Under this unit, the mentally challenged would be taken to good mental health centers where they would be treated instead of being locked up in caves. While emphasizing on this, Mr. Allen said that the mentally challenged personas do not deserve imprisonment but rather a reconnection with mental health physicians and facilities. While addressing delegates in this forum, Allen expressed hope that the East Precinct will

The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory Assessment Essay Example for Free

The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory Assessment Essay The overall experience completing the LASSI student report was interesting one due to the difficulty associated with being completely honest with yourself. This is definitely something that I have found to be a re-occurrence throughout this course, however due to the nature of the questions in this particular section, it proved to be the daunting questionnaire this course has required yet. After finishing the student report, I was able to conclude that the nature of the questions and the honesty involved paid off because I found this resource to be the most reflective and also the most helpful in targeting the weaknesses in my academic skills. My lowest two scores were in anxiety and time management, and I feel very confident that these two are closely related. I do not have issues in learning the actual content of courses, rather my problems occur in not effectively allotting time to learn it which in turn causes the stress and the two together result in poor exam performance. In order to avoid these issues which result in extreme stress come exam time I need to set aside time to effectively plan and schedule time and techniques for completing assignments and studying, then follow through with the derived plan. In my opinion, the LASSI assessment is not too different from the barriers assessment we completed during the first week of this course. Both assessments take a slightly different approach from each other, however the objectives of both are very much identical. The two assessments are designed to help an individual identify issues that are potentially detrimental to their success in class. My results for LASSI had not surprised me at all as it nearly mirrored the results of my barriers assessment. Since both results agreed with each other I could also conclude that I made little to no errors in the assessments. According to LASSI, my largest problems are that I lack motivation, concentration and I have a poor ability to select main ideas from concepts. Im only fairly concerned with my focus and concentration during study. My computer is very likely the most contributing factor to this problem. Im a Computer Science major so its very essential that I work with a computer. My notes and assignments are often stored and finished in it as well. I have attempted some viable solutions like using a task scheduler application for my computer. I can give it instructions forcefully close-off anything that may become a distraction for me on the computer based on a schedule you assign it. You can even ask it to temporarily disable off your internet. This solution doesnt work very well for me because I lack self-control as well. I often opt-out of this because I can never bring myself to disable any of my entertainment. I just shrug it off and lie to myself that I can deal with the distractions while studying well. This itself I believe is my biggest concern.

The Style of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – the Style  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in â€Å"The Social Criticism of a Public Man† state: â€Å"Beyond his remarkable sense of the past, which gives a genuine ring to the historical reconstructions, beyond his precise and simple style, which is in the great tradition of familiar narrative, the principal appeal of his work is in the quality of its allegory† (49). The style found in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† contains the features quoted in the above passage, as well as many others – which will be discussed in this essay.    The â€Å"precise† style mentioned by Bradley above may be the â€Å"detailed† style stated by Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography†; she says: â€Å"In his journal – a kind of artist’s sketchbook – he recorded twenty-five thousand words describing people and places in detail† based on two brief visits (18). The author’s attention to detail may be the reason that every word seems to be meaningful in his sentences. Can you discard any words from the opening sentence without sacrificing some meaning: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset, into the street of Salem village, but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife.†    The reader can notice right away that Hawthorne writes in a well-read and cultivated style, avoiding the use of profanity, vulgar language, or words offensive to the ear. Consider his precise word selection from an enormous vocabulary:    They continued to walk onward, while the elder traveller exhorted his companion to make good speed and persevere in the path, discoursing so aptly, that his arguments seemed rather to spring up in the bosom of his auditor, than to be suggested by himself. As they went, he plucked a branch of maple, to serve for a walking-stick, and began to strip it of the twigs and little boughs, which were wet with evening dew    Even the most emotional outburst in the entire story does not contain any language remotely displeasing or uncultivated: "’Ha! ha! ha!’ roared Goodman Brown, when the wind laughed at him. "Let us hear which will laugh loudest! Think not to frighten me with your deviltry! Come witch, come wizard, come Indian powow, come devil himself! and here comes Goodman Brown. You may as well fear him as he fear you!’"

Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine

SEMIOTICS ASSIGNMENT The front cover of TIME magazine, issued on December 10, 2007 was taken before the start of the presidential campaign in America, and the man on the front cover is Barack Obama – who was a favourite at the time. The bias of the picture, the cover’s anchorage and the article altogether show that the underlying purpose of this magazine’s issue was to influence readers to side with TIME and vote for this man. This cover resembles a famous picture taken of Martin Luther King Junior and serves to link Obama with the American Civil-Rights hero in order to influence the reader’s position towards Obama.This cover can be seen as a metaphor of the rise of the African American in society, as well as politics. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation (Oxford dictionary) and will be used to unveil the hidden meaning behind this front cover. This is a picture of a black man in a suit, who is standing upright with h as his arms crossed. This man is neither smiling, nor is he frowning and is not looking directly at the camera. The background is multiple shadings of grey. The word â€Å"TIME†, as well as the anchorage is in white, and words â€Å"the contender† are in red.The outside rim of the magazine is also red, with a white border between the picture and the red rim. Obama’s suit gives off an impression that he is polished, prepared and serious. Obama’s suit also commands a sense of respect from the reader and a sense that he has etiquette as well as control. The man’s facial expression is neutral – which gives off the impression that he is stable, reliable and somewhat loyal. This is effective because one sees this control and presumes that this man is secure in who he is (he feels no need to make false pretences) and thus one can trust him with their vote in the coming presidential elections.The man’s upright posture illustrates a sense of s trength because he looks anchored and thus powerful. The man is not looking directly at the camera which enhances his seriousness and creates a sense of intrigue within the reader – one can’t help but wonder what this man is thinking of, and why he is thinking it. The man’s posture makes him appear courageous and determined to handle the responsibility of anything (i. e. the presidential campaign). Obama’s body language of firmly folded arms insinuates that he is being defensive, ready to take on a boxing fight.The fight will be the upcoming presidential campaign which includes the â€Å"attacks† that he will get from the public and media being in the race (for example the media will be negative and pointedly highlight his inadequate characteristics). Therefore by looking just beyond the camera, Obama appears to be aware of what is coming and prepared to face the coming battle like a courageous boxing hero. The shaded grey background highlights the man’s power and illuminates him in a god-like manner.The light surrounding the man results in the reader’s eyes being drawn directly to him, and gives the the impression that he is â€Å"the light† and is like an angel in the darkness. The magazine name, â€Å"TIME†, is in white in order to contrast the grey background and highlight the magazine’s name. The anchorage on the front cover enhances the overall message of a sense of polish and control. â€Å"TIME† is written in Times New Roman, an old-fashioned and serious style of writing – which corresponds to the pieces of writing within the magazine.The name of the magazine is also not fully displayed (Barack’s head is blocking the â€Å"M† of TIME) and this demonstrates the popularity of the magazine because the magazine is so well known that people can immediately recognise it, without even displaying its full name. It also highlights Obama’s importance and pres tige – the fact that the company are willing to be less recognised by their name is not an issue due to Obama’s great popularity and dominance, which will influence people to buy the magazine anyway because of him.TIME is in the colour white which makes it an arbitrary sign which represents goodness, peace and innocence. â€Å"The Contender† is also highlighted on the cover, and characterizes someone who is fighting for first place in a competition. Red attracts the reader’s eye to the title of the magazine’s issue, draws attention to the man’s face and highlights that he is in the running for something big. â€Å"The Contender† is in bold (which draws the reader’s attention to the words) and is in a very rich red – which is an arbitrary signifier that can represent passion, power and strength.This corresponds to the article’s position towards Obama which highlights his courage, ambition and dominance in the presi dential campaign. It is also interesting to note the publisher’s use of â€Å"the† instead of â€Å"a† because Obama is a contender for the presidency of America, and is joined by many other contenders. However, by replacing â€Å"a† with â€Å"the† the reader is positioned to view Obama as the one and only competitor in the campaign.This therefore influences the reader to believe that he is going to be the ultimate winner of the competition because all other opponents are forgotten and will pale in comparison to his lead in the competition. The article inside the magazine talks about Obama’s â€Å"pledge to practice a new kind of politics† and how he managed to get â€Å"more money from small donors than all the other Democratic candidates combined† (TIME). This extract shows the biased approach that the author of the magazine, as well as the director of the photography for the front cover took with regards to Obama’s p ortrayal as an American politician.The article purposefully highlights the massive power that Obama and his organization has in the lives of many Americans, and this is linked to the light in which he’s portrayed in on the front cover – a portrayal of power and dominance. The article also speaks about the other political campaigners who are opponents of Obama’s (such as Hilary Clinton, Dick Cheney and Don Rumsfeld) – however Obama portrayed to be in a more dominant position than them.For example: â€Å"Obama has also begun to sharpen one of his strongest arguments – that experience is not the same thing as judgement – for which Clinton has not yet found a rejoinder†. When reading the article, it is very apparent that the writer is clearly in favour of Obama and his political campaign. This bias is also seen through the light that Obama is portrayed in the picture – a dominant, powerful and superior light, a sign that he is supe rior to all the other â€Å"contenders† in the presidential campaign.One can’t help but question if this magazine company’s political reliability due to their bias when it comes to the governance of the country. It is also interesting to note that Obama, who used to practise Civil Rights Law, is positioned to resemble Martin Luther King junior. O’Shaughnessy and Stadler (2008) define intertextuality as the process of knowingly borrowing and referring to other texts or interpreting one text in the light of other related texts. As you can see from the very famous above image, TIME very skilfully resembles the Front cover to this picture of the American hero, Martin Luther King junior.King was a peaceful Civil Rights leader who also refused to conform to the political practices of the time and created a peaceful yet powerful movement that America had never seen before. King is known as an innocent, equality-driven leader who made a big difference in a small amount of time. King’s portrait is a medium sized picture of him in a suit with his arms folded where he is also not looking directly into the camera – much like the portrait of Obama.The likeness between these two pictures therefore makes the reader assume these same quality traits of King, to that of Obama – which then makes the reader regard Obama to be a hero who will lead the country into equality and greatness, much like King did. This picture highlights the growth of the African Americans in society as well as politics because Obama is portrayed in a dominant light, instead of the inferior light with which the African Americans were portrayed in the previous century.TIME’s target market is success-driven, intelligent men (and on the rare occasion women) who are involved in business and take an interest in politics. This is therefore a successful front cover because it addresses all of those fields – politics, business, current affairs etc. W hilst most people would say this was a boring front cover – when correlated with their target market, it is clearly effective in convincing their desired consumer to choose their magazine from the rest. Even though this cover is severely biased, it is valuable because of its link with Martin Luther King Jr. nd its emphasis of the rise of the African American in not only society –but also politics. REFERENCES: BarackObama. Biography. 2010. [O] Available: http://www. biography. com/people/barack-obama-12782369? page=4. Accessed on 25/03/2012 Oxford Dictionaries. 2012. [O] Available: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/semiotics? q=semiotics. Accessed on 27/03/2012 Tumulty, K. 2007. [O] Available: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1689203-2,00. html. Accessed on 28/03/2012